• 제목/요약/키워드: $C_d$

검색결과 26,656건 처리시간 0.056초

"감자에 대한 항생제(抗生劑) 피마리신의 통계적(統計的) 효과(效果) 분석(分析)" (INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF AN ANTIBIOTIC "P" ON POTATOES)

  • 김종훈
    • 품질경영학회지
    • /
    • 제5권2호
    • /
    • pp.59-120
    • /
    • 1977
  • An antibiotic 'P', which is one of the products of the Gist Brocades N. V. is being tested by its research department as fungicide on seed-potatoes. For this testing they designed experiments, with two control groups, one competitor's product, eight formulations of the antibiotic to be tested in different concentrations and one mercury treatment which can not be used in practice. The treated potatoes were planted in three different regions, where bifferent conditions prevail. After several months the harvested potatoes are divided in groups according to their diameter, potato illness is analysed and counted. These data were summarised in percentage and given to us for Analysis. We approached and analysed the data by following methods: a. Computation of the mean and standard deviation of the percenage of good results in each size group and treatment. b. Computation of the experimental errors by substraction of each treatment mean from observed data. c. Description of the frequency table, plotting of a histogram and a normal curve on same graph to check normality. d. Test of normality paper and chi-sqeare test to check the goodness of fit to a normal curve. e. Test for homogeneity of variance in each treatment with the Cochran's test and Hartley's test. f. Analysis of Variance for testing the means by one way classifications. g. Drawing of graphs with upper and lower confidence limits to show the effect of different treatments. h. T-test and F-test to two Control mean and variance for making one control of Dunnett's test. i. Dunnett's Test and calculations for numerical comarision of different treatments wth one control. In region R, where the potatoes were planted, it was this year very dry and rather bad conditions to grow potatoes prevailed during the experimental period. The results of this investigation show us that treatment No.2, 3 and 4 are significantly different from other treatments and control groups (none treated, just like natural state). Treatment no.2 is the useless mercury formulation. So only No. 3 and 4, which have high concentrations of antibiotic 'P', gave a good effect to the potatoes. As well as the competitors product, middle and low concentrated formulations are not significantly different from control gro-ups of every size. In region w, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in region R, prevailed better weather conditions and was enough water obtainable from the lake. The results in this region showed that treatment No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are Significantly different from other treatments and the control groups. Again No.2 is the mercury treatmentin this investigation. Not only high concentrated formulation of antibiotic 'P', but also the competitor's poroduct gave good results. But, the effect of 'P', was better than the competitors porduct. In region G, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in the regions R and w. and the climate conditions were equal to region R, the results showed that most of the treatments are not significantly different from the control groups. Only treatment no. 3 was a little bit different from the others. but not Significantly different. It seems to us that the difference between the results in the three regions was caused by certain conditions like, the nature of the soil the degres of moisture and hours of sunshine, but we are not sure of that. As a conclusion, we can say that antibiotic 'P' has a good effect on potatoes, but in most investigations a rather high concentration of 'P' was required in formulations.

  • PDF

조산사의 라마즈 산전교육에 대한 중요성 인식과 수행정도 및 저해요인에 관한 연구 (Midwives' Perceptions of the Importance of Teaching the Lamaze Method of Childbirth Preparation, Their Practice of it and Inhibiting Factors.)

  • 윤귀람;조미영
    • 모자간호학회지
    • /
    • 제2권1호
    • /
    • pp.21-33
    • /
    • 1992
  • This study was done to investigate how importantly midwives thought of Lamaze Method of Childbirth, how satisfactorily they performed their Lamaze Method of Childbirth and what inhibited their activities from being performed if not done satisfactorily. The subjects of this study were 76midwives at midwifery in Pusan, Deagu, Kyungnam and Kyungbok. Data were collected by using questionaire from Sep. 1 to Sep.30, 1991. The measurement tools was maded by the researcher based on Kim's scale for prenatal nursing activities. The statistical analysis was done with based statistical values likes frequencies, means, standard deviations and advanced methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, 1-test, F-test, F-test by using SPSS package program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. The results of Investigating perception according to importance degree and performance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbring showed that midwives were slightly below both perception according to importance(2.17) and performance(2.16) of Lamaze Method of Childbirth 2. Inhibiting factors of Lamaze Method of Childbirth were abscence of husband(3.08), lack of teaching room(2.71), and lack of books or literature of Lamaze Method (2.58). 3. There appears to be a positive relation between perception according to importance degree and performance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbirth (r=0.69, P<0.01). There appears to be a negative relation between perception according to importance degree and inhibit factors of performance (r=-0.38, P<0.01). There appears to be a negative relation between performance and inhibit factors of performance (r=-0.22. P<0.01). 4. The item of highest perception defree in prenatal education is 1st, Consultation about sexual life (2.53), End, illustration of the importance of a bath and perinal cleanliness and Avoidance of excessive respiration method and also its comfortable application during uterine contractility(2.45). The item of lowest perception degree is about pregnant symptom sign and predicted date of birth (E.D.C.). On the other hand, The item of highest performance degree is education about nurtrition during pregnacy. 2nd, Illustration of the Importance of a bath and perineal cleanness(2.45). The lowest one is leaching the pregnant woman and her family about the role of husband and her family and also teaching the couple to learn exercise and respiration method (1.84). Though importance perception degree and performance degree is low. Midwives who wert subject in this research shoves that they perform general items concerning prenatal education well. 5. In the relationship between perception according to importance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbirth and the general characteristics of subjects, the differences in mean number of visiting pregnacies for 1 month. 6. In the relationship between performance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbirth and the general characteristics of subjects, the differences in age, marriage, and mean number of visiting pregnancies for 1 month. With the above information we see the importance of midwife prenatal care education and high correlation between performance degree and perception degree. When Lamaze prenatal education is well performed the number of pregnant woman who have follow-up, check-ups increase. Therefore in this research we can validity that there is a relation between Lamaze prenatal education and patient follow-up. This research showes in a situation where if one does not maximally perform a prenatal education there is a possibility that the popular use of midwife activities may encounter obstacles so the education to save new knowledge and training for prenatal education is needed as a function of Lamaze prenatal education, when a special Lamaze education is well performed for the pregnant woman, who follows-up at amidwife clinic. With the above conclusion we can suggest : 1. Continued research which minimized obstacles to Lamaze prenatal education is needed. 2. The official method of midwives is necessary.

  • PDF

가시납지리의 난발생(卵發生)과 자어(仔魚)의 발육(發育) 및 자어(仔魚)의 표피상돌기(表皮上突起) (Development of the Bittering, Acanthorhodeus(=Acheilognathus) gracilis (Cyprinidae), with a Note on Minute Tubercles on the Skin Surface)

  • 영목신양;전상린
    • 한국어류학회지
    • /
    • 제2권2호
    • /
    • pp.169-181
    • /
    • 1990
  • 전북(全北) 김제군(金堤郡) 죽산면(竹山面) 죽산리(竹山里) 죽산천(竹山川)서 채집(採集) 가시납지리친어(親魚)를 사육(飼育)하던 중 1989년(年) 4월(月) 11일(日)에 인공수정(人工受精)을 시켜 난발생(卵發生), 자어(仔魚)의 발육(發育) 및 자어(仔魚)의 표피상돌기(表皮上突起)를 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 완숙란(完熟卵)의 형태(形態)는 동물극(動物極)쪽이 조금 뾰족하고 그 주위(周圍)에 둥그스럼한 3∼4개(個)의 돌기(突起)가 있으며 그 중심부(中心部)에 난문(卵門)이 있다. 난막(卵膜)은 얇으나 제리상(狀)인 점액물질(粘液物質)로 덮여 있어서 흐리고 반투명(半透明)이며 약(弱)한 점착성(粘着性)이 있다. 전장(全長) 89.40 mm인 자친어(雌親魚)로부터 배를 눌러 얻은 완숙란(完熟卵)의 크기는 $2.09{\pm}0.04{\times}1.26{\pm}0.02mm$로 한번에 평균(平均) 304립(粒)이 얻어졌다. 자어(仔魚)의 발육형태(發育形態)는 대체(大體)로 큰납지리와 유사(類似)했다. 즉(卽) 자어(仔魚)의 표피상돌기(表皮上突起)는 몸 전체(全體)의 표피상(表皮上)에 사면형돌기(斜面型突起)가 분포(分布)되었고 S자형(字型)으로 몸을 꿈틀거리는듯한 운동(運動)을 한다. 이러한 형질(形質)은 납지리, 큰납지리, Pseudoperilampus typus, Acheilognathus longipinnis등(等)과의 공유형질(共有形質)인 점(點)으로부터 이들 종(種)과 근연관계(近緣關係)에 있다고 추정(推定)된다. 또 위의 4 종중(種中) 큰납지리를 제외(除外)한 3 종(種)을 모두 추계산란형(秋季産卵型)인데 본(本) 종(種)과 큰납지리는 봄에서 초여름에 걸쳐서 산란(産卵)을 한다. 따라서 본(本) 종(種)과 큰납지리의 개체발생(個體發生)이 추계산란형(秋季産卵型)의 개체발생(個體發生)과 유사(類似)한 점(點)이 많다는 사실(事實)은 추계산란형(秋季産卵型)의 출현(出現)을 고찰(考察)하는데 매우 중요(重要)하다고 생각된다.한편 본(本) 종(種)과 큰납지리는 배기기조수(背??條數) 차리외(差異外)에도 완숙란(完熟卵)의 형태(形態) 차리(差異) 그리고 치어(稚魚)의 배기(背?)의 흑색(黑色) 반문(斑紋)이 큰납지리는 타원형(楕圓形)인데 본(本) 종(種)은 삼각형(三角形)인 점등(點等)의 형질(形質)로도 식별(識別)된다.

  • PDF

국제상사조정 및 중재제도 개선에 관한 UNCITRAL 논의동향 (Discussion by UNCITRAL for Development of International Commercial Conciliation and Arbitration Systems)

  • 이강빈
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
    • /
    • 제10권1호
    • /
    • pp.3-25
    • /
    • 2000
  • At its thirty-second session in 1999, the UNCITRAL had before it the requested note entitled "Possible future work in the area of international commercial arbitration." After concluding the discussion on its future work in the area of international commercial arbitration, it was agreed that the priority items for the working group should be conciliation, requirement of written form for the arbitration and enforceability of interim measures of protection. the Commission entrusted the work to the Working Group on Arbitration which held its thirty-second session at Vienna from 20 to 31 March 2000. The Working Group discussed agenda item 3 on the basis of the report of Secretary General entitled "Possible uniform rules on certain issues concerning settlement of commercial disputes : conciliation, interim measures of protection, written form for arbitration agreement." At its thirty-three session in 2000, the UNCITRAL had before it the report of Secretary General on agenda item 3 discussed by the Working Group. The Working Group discussed the issues relating to certain aspects of conciliation proceedings ; (1) Admissibility of certain evidence in subsequent judicial or arbitral proceedings ; (2) Role of conciliatior in arbitration or court proceedings ; (3) Enforceability of settlement agreements reached in conciliation proceedings ; (4) Other possible items for harmonized treatment : a) Admissibility or desirability of conciliation by arbitrators b) Effect of an agreement to conciliate on judicial or arbitral proceedings c) Effect of conciliation on the running of limitation period d) Communication between the conciliator and parties ; disclosure of information e) Role of conciliator. It was generally considered that decisions as to the form of the text to be prepared should be made at a later stage when the substance of prepared solutions would become clearer. However, it was noted that model legislative provisions seemed to be appropriate form for a number of matters proposed to be discussed in the area conciliation. There was general support in the Working Group for the proposition to perpare a legislative regime governing the enforcement of interim measures of protection ordered by arbitral tribunals. It was generally considered that legislative regime should apply to enforcement of interim measures issued in arbitration taking place in State where enforcement was sought as well as outside that State. It was generally observed that there was a need for provisions which conformed to current practice in international trade with regard to requirements of written form for arbitration agreement. The view was adopted by the Working Group that the objective of ensuring a uniform interpretation of the form requirement that responded to the needs of international trade could be achieved by : preparing a model legislative provision clarifying, for avoidance of doubt, the scope of article 7(2) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration : and adopting a declaration, resolution or statement addressing the interpretation of the New York Convention that would reflect a broad understanding of the form requirement. There was general agreement in the Working Group that, in order to promote the use of electronic commerce for international trade and leave the parties free to agree to the use of arbitration in the electronic commerce sphere, article II(2) of the New York Convention should be interpreted to cover the use of electronic means of communication as defined un article 2 of the Model Law on Electronic Commerce and that it required no amendment to do that. The UNCITRAL may wish to consider to the desirability of preparing uniform provisions on any of those issues concerning conciliation and arbitration proceedings, possibly indicating whether future work should be towards a legislative text or non-legislative text.

  • PDF

방수제(防水劑)가 모르터의 제성질(諸性質)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Studies on Influence of Water-Proof Agents on the Properties of Mortar)

  • 김성완;성찬용;김선영
    • 농업과학연구
    • /
    • 제14권2호
    • /
    • pp.358-372
    • /
    • 1987
  • 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 모르터의 배합비(配合比)와 방수제(防水劑)의 첨가(添加)에 따른 방수(防水)모르터의 제성질(諸性質)을 보통(普通)시멘트 모르터와 비교분석(比較分析)하여, 방수(防水)모르터의 효과적(效果的)인 사용(使用)을 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 마련하는데 있으며, 사용(使用)된 방수제(防水齊)는 분말(粉末) 및 액상(液狀)의 완결(緩結)과 급결방수제(急結防水劑)이며, 배합비(配合比)는 시멘트에 대(對)한 잔골재의 중량비(重量比)를 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 및 1:4로 하였고, 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 물-시멘트비(比)는 보통(普通)시멘트 모르터에 비(比)해 방수(防水)모르터가 모든 배합비(配合比)에서 공통적(共通的)으로 감소되었고, 분말방수제(粉末防水劑)를 첨가(添加)한 S-P-W 모르터에서 약(約) 8%, 액체방수제(液體肪水劑)를 첨가(添加)한 S-L-D모르터에서 약(約) 52%로서 가장 큰 감수효과(減水效果)를 나타내었다. 2. 투수량(透水量)은 빈배합(貧配合)일수록, 사용수압(使用水壓)이 커질수록 급격(急激)히 증가(增加)하였으며, $100g/cm^2$의 수압하(水壓下)에서는 S-P-M 모르터가 가장 큰 방수효과(防水效果)를 나타내었다. 또한, 작용수압(作用水壓)이 커질수록 급격방수제(急激防水劑)를 첨가(添加)한 모르터에서 방수효과(防水效果)가 크게 나타났다. 3. 밀도(密度)는 보통(普通)시멘트 모르터에 비(比)해 방수(防水)모르터가 모든 배합비(配合比)에서 공통적(共通的)으로 증가(增加)하였고, 급결방수제(急結防水劑)를 첨가(添加)한 R-L-S 모르터에서 가장 큰 증가현상(增加現象)을 나타내었다. 4. 압축(壓縮)과 인장강도(引張强度)는 부배합(富配合)일수록 증가(增加)되었으며, 재령(材齡) 7일(日)과 28일(日)에서 각각(各各) S-L-G, R-L-S 모르터가 가장 큰 강도증가율(强度增加率)을 나타내었으며, 보통(普通)시멘트 모르터에 비(比)해 15~28%의 증가현상(增加現象)을 보였다. 5. 흡수율(吸水率)은 보통(普通)시멘트 모르터에 비(比)해 방수(防水)모르터가 모든 배합비(配合比)에서 감소(減少)되었으며, S-P-W 모르터가 가장 큰 감소현상(減少現象)을 나타내었다. 6. 물-시멘트 비(比), 투수량(透水量), 밀도(密度), 압축강도(壓縮强度), 흡수량(吸水量) 상호간(相互間)의 상관관계(相關關係)는 직선형(直線形)으로 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다.

  • PDF

밤 가격(價格)의 경제분석(經濟分析) 및 생산예측(生産豫測)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Economic Analysis of Chestnut Prices and Production Forecasting)

  • 송형섭;조응혁
    • 농업과학연구
    • /
    • 제14권2호
    • /
    • pp.263-271
    • /
    • 1987
  • 밤 가격분석(價格分析)과 적정(適正) 생산량(生産量)을 추정(推定)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 과거(過去) 20년간(年間)(1966~1985)의 밤 가격(價格)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果), 1966~1972년(年)에는 밤 가격(價格)이 매년(每年) 14.67%씩 상승(上昇)하였으나, 1973~1985년(年)에는 년(年) 9.24%씩 하락(下落)하였다. 2. 1년중(年中) 밤 가격(價格)은 수확기(收穫期)인 10월경(月頃)에 89.1로 가장 낮았고 7월경(月頃)에 109.1로 가장 높았으며 밤 가격(價格)의 계절변동율(季節變動率)은 전기(前期)(1966~1975)가 0.0837, 후기(後期)(1976~1985)가 0.0706으로 시간(時間)이 지남에 따라 점차 평준화(平準化) 되고 있었다. 3. 장래(將來) 밤 가격(價格)의 최적(最適) 예측(豫測) model은 PR=11,788.0088~7.00TC/Pop+6.585GNP/Pop로 나타났으며, 현재(現在)의 조림정책(造林政策)이 단속(斷續)될 경우 장래(將來) 밤 가격(價格)은 1988년(年)에 가장 낮았다가 그 후(後) 큰 폭(幅)으로 상승(上昇)할 것으로 예측(豫測)되었다. 4. 밤의 적정(適正) 생산량(生産量)의 최적(最適) model 식(式)은 ${\ell}_nPD/Pop=-8.5147-0.8267{\ell}_nPR_1+3.3063{\ell}_nGNP/Pop$로 나타났으며 적정(適正) 밤 가격(價格)을 유지(維持)하기 위한 적정(適正) 밤 생산량(生産量)은 1988년(年) 약(約) 133,000 톤으로 2010년(年)에는 1,899,000 톤 정도(程度)였다. 5. 장래(將來) 적정(適正) 조림면적(造林面積)을 추정(推定)한 결과(結果), 1988년(年) 4,000ha에서 2010년(年)에는 57,400ha 정도(程度)의 밤나무 조림면적(造林面積)이 있어야 할 것으로 예측(豫測)되었다.

  • PDF

스파터링 조건이 FeMn계 top 스핀 밸브의 exchange bias 및 자기적 특성에 미치는 영향 (Effect of sputtering conditions on the exchange bias and giant magnetoresistance in Si/Ta/NiFe/CoFe/Cu/CoFe/FeMn/Ta spin valves)

  • 김광윤;신경호;한석희;임상호;김희중;장성호;강탁
    • 한국자기학회지
    • /
    • 제10권2호
    • /
    • pp.67-73
    • /
    • 2000
  • 6개의 타겟을 가진 직류 마그네트론 방식을 이용하여 스파터링 전력 및 압력을 변화시켜 Si/Ta(50 $\AA$)NiFe(60 $\AA$)/CoFe(20 $\AA$)/Cu(26 $\AA$)/CoFe(40 $\AA$)/FeMn(150 $\AA$)Ta(50 $\AA$) 스핀 밸브 박막을 제조하여 교환자기이방성 및 자기적 특성을 조사하였다. FeMn 층의 증착시 스파터링 전력을 증가시킴으로써 교환이방성을 증가시킬 수 있었으며, X-선 회절 실험결과 스파터링 전력 증가에 따른 교환이방성의 증가는 FeMn (111)면의 우선성장 발달에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 강자성상을 사이에 두고 있는 Cu의 스파터링 압력을 1-5 mTorr 증가시 교환이방성이 급격히 감소하며, 자기저항비 및 자장민감도도 감소하였다. Si/Ta/NiFe/CoFe/Cu(t), 30 W/CoFe, 100 W/FeMn, 100 W/Ta 스핀 밸브에서 Cu 두께를 22-38 $\AA$까지 변화시켜 자기저항비를 조사한 결과 Cu의 두께가 22 $\AA$일 때 자기저항비 6.5%까지 얻을 수 있었으며, Cu 두께를 감소시켜 교환이방성을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 이와 같은 Cu 두께 감소에 따른 교환이방성의 증가는 FM-AFM 스핀-스핀 상호작용에 의하여 설명하였다.

  • PDF

젖소농가의 사육규모별 축사시설 분석 (Surveying for Barn Facilities of Dairy Cattle Farms by Holding Scale)

  • 민병로;서광욱;최희철;이대원
    • 한국축산시설환경학회지
    • /
    • 제15권3호
    • /
    • pp.251-262
    • /
    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 우리나라 젖소농가의 사육규모별 축사시설 현황을 파악하고자 전국 9개도시의 젖소 50두 이상사육농가 4,198호를 대상으로 축사시설 실태를 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 50두 이상 전업농가에서 344,514마리를 사육하였으며 농가당 50~99마리 사육규모가 78.9%로 대부분이었고 농가당 평균 사육두수는 82.1두 이었다. 젖소 우사의 건축 시기는 평균 건축연도가 1995년 9월로타 축종에 비하여 노후한 편이었으며 농가당 축사면적은 $1,740.0\;m^2$이었다. 젖소 우사의 건축형태는 톱밥우사 84.0%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였고 후리스톨 5.1%, 계류식+톱밥 운동장 17.3%, 기타 4.4%이었다. 규모별 우사의 건축형태는 소규모 농가에서 톱밥우사가 많은 반면, 대규모 농가에서는 후리스톨이 10.9%로서 소규모 농가의 후리스톨 보다 높게 나타났다. 착유시설은 파이프라인 41.5%, 헤링본 22.8%, 탠덤 35.8% 이었으나 50~99두의 소규모 농가는 파이프라인이 48.0%로 많은 반면, 200두 이상에서는 헤링본 38.3%, 탠던 48.9%로 착유실 착유가 많은 것을 알 수 있다. 우사 바닥은 깔짚이 94.9%로 스크레이퍼에 비하여 상당히 높게 나타났으나 대규모 농가에서는 스크레파가 13.1%로 소규모 농가의 6.4%에 비하여 높은 경향이었다. 유우사 지붕의 재질은 슬레이트 32.5%, 비닐 16.3%, 썬라이트 11.1%, 판넬 10.9, 함석 8.8, 강판 8.3%로 조사되었다. 1995년 이전에는 슬레이트가 많았으나 1995년 이후 비닐지붕이 증가하고 있으며 대규모 농가에서도 비닐지붕이 23.8%로 소규모 농가에 비하여 많았다. 우사 외벽 재질은 개방식이 83.3%이며 윈치커튼이 26.8%로 대부분 개병형 우사 이었다. 젖소 사육시설의 사용년수는 착유기 9.2년, 사료자동급이기 7.9년, 급수기 9.2년, 전기시설 10.4년으로 최근 사료자동급이기의 시설개선이 많이 있었던 것으로 나타났다.

  • PDF

양돈농가의 사육규모별 축사시설 분석 (Surveying for Pig House Facilities of Pig Farms by Holding Scale)

  • 서광욱;민병로;최희철;이대원
    • 한국축산시설환경학회지
    • /
    • 제15권3호
    • /
    • pp.231-240
    • /
    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 우리나라 양돈농가의 사육규모별 양돈시설 현황을 파악하고자 전국 9개도의 돼지 1,000두 이상 사육농가 3,029호를 대상으로 돈사시설 실태를 조사하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1,000두 이상을 사육하는 전업농가에서 7,229,892 마리를 사육하였으며 농가당 평균 사육두수는 2,386.9두 이었다. 돈사의 건축 시기는 평균 건축연도가 1995. 8월로 노후한 돈사가 많았으며 농가당 돈사면적은 $3,017.2\;m^2$이었다. 돈사의 건축형태는 윈치커튼돈사가 77.2%로 무창돈사 51.3%, 톱밥돈사 7.4, 고상식 4.6% 보다 많았으며 1,000~1,999두 사육 농가는 윈치커튼돈사가 80.6%로 무창돈사 43.6% 보다 많았으나 10,000두 이상의 대규모 농가는 무창돈사가 75.5%로 윈치커튼 돈사 56.6% 보다 많았다. 분뇨수거 형태는 슬러리 돈사가 72.3%로 스크레이퍼 돈사 38.5% 보다 많았으며 1,000~1,999두 사육농가의 슬러리돈사 72.3%에 비하여 10,000두 이상 사육농가는 슬러리가 83.3%로 대규모 농가에서 더 많았다. 지붕재질은 슬레이트 51.2%, 판넬 46.1%로 슬레이트가 많았으나 10,000 이상 사육농가는 슬레이트가 25.0%로 중소규모 농가에 비하여 낮은 비율을 보였다. 돈사의 외벽체는 판넬이 41.9%로 가장 많았으며 블록 21.9%, 콘크리트 7.6%, 윈치커튼 6.3%, 벽돌 5.9% 이었다. 돈사의 환기방식은 자연환기 46.1%, 기계식 무창 44.1%, 자연환기+기계식 혼합형 53.1%로 자연환기보다는 기계식환기를 하는 농가가 많았다. 특히 규모가 클수록 기계식 무창의 비율은 69.8%로 소규모농가의 36.1%에 비하여 많았다. 돈사 시설의 사용년수는 급이라인 8.1년, 급수라인 8.3년, 전기시설 8.2년, 바닥재 9.0년으로 대부분 8년 이상 사용한 것으로 나타났다.

  • PDF

국내, 외 광우병의 발생 현황과 대응 방안 (The current status and control measures of BSE in the worldwide)

  • 유한상
    • 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
    • /
    • pp.273-282
    • /
    • 2009
  • The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) disease group are fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting a wide range of hosts. The group includes kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep and goats and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. The exact nature of the infectious agent involved in the transmission of these diseases remains controversial. However, a central event in their pathogenesis is the accumulation in infected tissues of an abnormal form of a host-encoded protein, the prion protein (PrP). Whereas the normal cellular protein is fully sensitive to protease ($PrP^{sen}$), the disease-associated prion protein ($PrP^d$) is only partly degraded ($PrP^{res}$), its amino-terminal end being removed. BSE was first reported in the mid-80s in the UK. Ten years later, a new form of human prion disease, variant CJD (vCJD) developed in the wake of the BSE epidemic, and there is now strong scientific evidence that vCJD was initiated by the exposure of humans to BSE-infected tissues, thus indicating a zoonotic disease. However, the ban on the feeding of animal-derived proteins to ruminants, and the apparent lack of vertical transmission of BSE, have led to a decline in the incidence of the disease within cattle herd and therefore, an assumed decreased risk for human contacting vCJD. The origin of the original case(s) of BSE still remains an enigma even though three hypotheses have been raised. Hypotheses are i) sheep- or goat-derived scrapie-infected tissues included in meat and bone meal fed to cattle, ii) a previously undetected sporadic or genetic bovine TSE contaminating cattle feed or iii) originating from a human TSE through animal feed contaminated with human remains. A host cellular membrane protein ($PrP^C$), which is abundant in central nervous system tissue, appear to be conformationally altered in the diseased host into a prion protein ($PrP^{Sc}$). This $PrP^{Sc}$ is detergent insoluble and partially protease-resistant ($PrP^{res}$). The term $PrP^{res}$ is normally used to describe the protein detected after protease treatment, in techniques such as Western immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay using fresh/frozen tissue. Immunohistochemistry may performed with formalin-fixed tissues. Also, clinical signs of the BSE are one of the major diagnostic indicators. Recently, atypical forms (known as H- and L-type) of BSE have appeared in several European countries, Japan, Canada and the United States. An unusual case was also reported in a miniature zebu. The atypical BSE fall into two groups based on the relative molecular mass (Mm) of the unglycosylated $PrP^{res}$ band relative to that of classical BSE, one of the higher Mm (H-type) and the other lower (L-type). Both types have been detected worldwide as rare cases in older animals, at a low prevalence consistent with the possibility of sporadic forms of prion diseases in cattle. This raises the unwelcome possibility that vCJD could increase in the human population. Now, active surveillance program against BSE is going on in Korea. In regional veterinary service lab, ELISA is applied to screen the BSE in slaughter and confirmatory tests by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemisty are carried out if there are positive or suspect in the screening test. Also, the ruminant feed ban is rigorously enforced. Removal of specified risk materials such as brain and spinal cord from cattle is mandatory process at slaughter to prevent the infected material from entering the human food chain.

  • PDF