• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1925-1930
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• 2019

Carotenoids are organic pigments with antioxidant properties and are widespread in nature. Here, we isolated five microbes, each forming yellow-colored colonies and harboring C₃₀ carotenoid biosynthetic genes (crtM and crtN). Thereafter, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226, which showed the highest carotenoid production, was finally selected and the produced pigment was identified as C₃₀ carotenoid 4,4'-diaponeurosporene. This strain exhibited the highest survival rate under oxidative stress and its carotenoid production was also enhanced after exposure to 7 mM H₂O₂. Moreover, it showed the highest ability to scavenge DPPH free radical. Our results suggested that L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226, which produces 4,4'-diaponeurosporene as a natural antioxidant, may be a functional probiotic.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.603-608
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• 1998

Lipid oxidation in ascidian was studied when fresh, deshelled and sliced meats were fermented for 50 days at 5$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ with 8%(w/w) salt and 0.1% papain. Antioxidative effects of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) and carotenoid extracts from ascidian tunic on lipid oxidation and oxidationrelated discoloration of ascidian meat during fermentation were investigated. Changes in peroxide value, carbonyl value, thiobarbituric acid value, fatty acids composition, the loss of total carotenoid and sensory evaluation were determined to assess the rancidity. Peroxide and carbonyl values in BHT and carotenoid extract treatments increased less than those of the control during fermentation. TBA value increased until 30 days, hereafter tended to decrease a little in the control during fermentation. TBA value increased until 30 days, hereafter tended to decrease a little in the control but it increased slowly until 40 days in cases of 0.02% BHT or 0.02% BHT with 0.05% carotenoid added. Fatty acids of fresh ascidian composed of polyenoic acid, saturated acid and monoenoic acid of 51.5%, 28.1% and 20.7%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids(C16:0, C14:0, C18:0) and monoenoic acids(C18:1, C16:1) increased while polyenoic acids(C20:5, C22:6) decreased during fermentation. Carotenoid was markedly degraded and discolored in the control during fermentation. But 0.02% BHT and 0.05% carotenoid treatments had bright color like fresh meat during 40 days. The results of sensory evaluation during the fermentation also convinced the retard of discoloration by the addition of BHT and carotenoid.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.237-242
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• 1998

새고막 육의 일반성분은 수분함량 76.9%, 조단백질함량 18.1%, 조지방함량 1.8%, 당함량 1.3% 및 조회분함량은 1.6%로 나타났으며, 총 카로티노이드 함량은 0.67~1.02mg%이었고, 적색 체액의 양은 1.32~1.58mg%범위였으며, 이 중에서 Homoglobin 함량은 0.98~1.64g/dl 범위로서 개체간의 차이가 심하게 나타났다. 살아있는 상태의 새고막에서 개펄을 제거하기 위하여 2% 염분농도의 물에 침지한 것이 개펄배설에 가장 효과가 좋아 수침 10시간만에 89% 정도의 배설율을 보였고, 해수의 염분농도에 가까운 3% 염분농도의 물에 수침한 것은 10시간 후 대략 70%의 배설율을 보였다. 그리고 가장 배설효과가 뛰어난 pH는 7.5로 수침 10시간만에 91% 이상의 배설율을 보였고 20시간 후는 97%의 배설율을 보였다. 새고막 색소성분의 ether 추출물의 흡수 스펙트럼은 정체적으로 두 개의 peak로 나타났으며 각각의 흡수대는 452nm과 687nm였고 최대 흡광점은 452nm였다. 통조림 살균 공정 중 새고막 육색소의 변화로서 95$^{\circ}C$, 111$^{\circ}C$, 116$^{\circ}C$ 및 121$^{\circ}C$에서 가열처리 하였을 때 60분 후 carotenoid 색소의 잔존율은 각각 71.8%, 66.8%, 46.4% 및 36.5%로 가열온도가 높을수록 carotenoid 파괴가 극심하게 일어났다. 그리고 120분 후에는 각각 56.6%, 30.6%, 30.3% 및 17.2%였다. 95$^{\circ}C$, 111$^{\circ}C$, 116$^{\circ}C$ 및 121$^{\circ}C$에서 시간별로 가열처리한 새고막육에서 지용성 및 수용성 갈변물질의 생성은 가열온도가 높을수록, 또한 가열시간이 길어질수록 증가하였고, 그리고 수용성 갈변물질의 생성은 지용성 갈변물질량에 비하여 훨씬 적게 나타나서, 새고막 통조림 가공 중 열처리 과정에서 일어나는 갈변은 carotenoid 성분의 변퇴색에 크게 기여하는 지용성 성분 등에 의하는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.843-859
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 제주도 한라산 중산간 습지대 28개소에서 IAA 및 carotenoid 생성능이 우수한 광합성 세균 1종을 최종 선발하였으며, 16S rRNA 염기서열 분석과 생리학적 특성을 조사한 결과 Rhodopseudomonas palustris JK-1 균주로 동정하였다. JK-1 균주의 최적배양조건을 선발하기 위하여 pH, 온도, 빛 및 통기 등을 포함한 여러 가지 요인들이 균주의 생장과 IAA 및 carotenoid 등 광합성색소 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험결과 JK-1 균주는 명/혐기조건에서 균생장, IAA 및 광합성색소 생성이 양호하였으며 암/혐기조건에서 균생장, IAA 및 광합성색소 형성이 모두 크게 억제되었다. 명/혐기조건에서 균생장, IAA 및 carotenoid 등 광합성색소의 생산을 위한 최적 pH, 온도 및 배양회전속도는 각각 7, $30^{\circ}C$, 150 rpm, 9, $30^{\circ}C$ 및 150 rpm, 그리고 6, $25^{\circ}C$ 및 50 rpm이었다. 그리고 명/호기조건(0.5~1 vvm)에서는 명/혐기조건(0 vvm)보다 균생장 및 IAA 합성이 양호하였으나 광합성색소 형성은 크게 억제되었다. 따라서 최적배양조건은 명/혐기조건에서 pH 7, 온도 $30^{\circ}C$ 및 회전속도 100 rpm을 선발하였으며, IAA 합성을 유도한 배양액을 생육촉진 효과검증에 이용하였다. 시험결과 R. palustris JK-1 균주를 열무에 3% (v/v) 처리 시 지상부 및 지하부 건물중이 무처리 및 배지처리구 대비 각각 20~58% 및 40-28% 증가하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.892-901
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• 2022

The rising demand for carotenoids can be met by microbial biosynthesis as a promising alternative to chemical synthesis and plant extraction. Several species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) specifically produce C₃₀ carotenoids and offer the added probiotic benefit of improved gut health and protection against chronic conditions. In this study, the recently characterized Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226^T produced the rare C₃₀ carotenoid, 4,4'-diaponeurosporene, and its yield was optimized for industrial production. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was used to screen carbon and nitrogen sources, while the abiotic stresses of temperature, pH, and salinity, were evaluated for their effects on 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production. Lactose and beef extract were ideal for optimal carotenoid production at 25℃ incubation in pH 7.0 medium with no salt. The main factors influencing 4,4'-diaponeurosporene yields, namely lactose level, beef extract concentration and initial pH, were enhanced using the Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology (RSM). Compared to commercial MRS medium, there was a 3.3-fold increase in carotenoid production in the optimized conditions of 15% lactose, 8.3% beef extract and initial pH of 6.9, producing a 4,4'-diaponeurosporene concentration of 0.033 A₄₇₀/ml. To substantiate upscaling for industrial application, the optimal aeration rate in a 5 L fermentor was 0.3 vvm. This resulted in a further 3.8-fold increase in 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production, with a concentration of 0.042 A₄₇₀/ml, compared to the flask-scale cultivation in commercial MRS medium. The present work confirms the optimization and scale-up feasibility of enhanced 4,4'-diaponeurosporene production by L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226^T.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.407-413
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• 1992

천연산 및 양식산 넙치와 방어의 표피 carotenoid를 TLC, column chromatography, UV-visible spectropho-tometer 및 co-TLC로 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 넙치의 총 carotenoid함량은 양식산 1.16mg%로서 천연산 1.38mg%보다 낮은 함량치를 보였고, carotenoid조성은 양식산이 lutein, zeaxanthin, tunaxanthin, triol 및 $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin의 순으로 함유하였고, 천연산은 tunaxanthin, zeaxanthin, triol, lutein 및 $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin의 순으로 함유하며, 천연산은 양식산에 비하여 tunaxanthin, triol의 함량이 논은 반면, lutein, zeaxanthin의 함량에서 휠씬 낮은 함량치를 보여 차이가 있었다. 방어의 총 carotenoid함량은 양식산 0.09 mg%로서 천연산 1.08mg%보다 휠씬 낮은 함량치를 보였고, carotenoid조성은 양식산, 천연산 모두 tunax-anthin의 획분이 총 carotenoid의 약 95%로 대부분을 차지 하며, tunaxanthin은 tunaxanthin A, tunaxanthin B 및 tunaxanthin C의 세가지 혼합물로 확인되어 서로 유사하였으나, tunaxanthin A와 tunaxanthin B의 함량에서 다소의 차이를 보였다. 따라서 어류의 총 carotenoid 함량과 carotenoid의 구성성 분은 어종 뿐만 아니라 먹이와 생육조건 등의 서식환경에 의해서도 상당한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1975

This investigation was designed to determine the influence of drying methods on the chemical changes in red pepper. Three different drying methods were employed: 1) Sun-drying at $25{\sim}28^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, 2) Drying in oven at $60^{\circ}C$ for 49 hours, and 3) Drying in oven at $90^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours. Dried and ground peels were used for the analysis of carotenoid pigments, capsaicin, and vitamin C. The results were as follows; 1. The total carotenoid content of sun-dried sample was more significantly in creased about 4% than that of the fresh sample, but both samples dried in oven were decreased about 30%. Among carotenoid groups, diol-polyol group was chiefly increased, and both samples dried in oven were decreased in the same trend; $17{\sim}18%$ reduction was found in hydrocarbons and monols and $36{\sim}38%$ was in diol-polyols. 2. In Capsaicin content in red pepper, the sun-dried sample was increased about twice of that of the fresh sample and both samples dried in oven were also tended to increase. 3. High reduction of vitamin C content was found in each treatment; 76% for the sun-dried and 89% for the oven-dried samples, respectively.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.596-602
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• 1998

Two kinds of sweet potato puree were prepared with Benihayato cultivar of yellow sweet potato with or without $\alpha$-amylase enzyme treatment. Chemical and rheological properties of enzyme-treated puree were different from those of control puree. Reducing sugar content and iodine value increased by $\alpha$-amylase enzyme treatment, while alcohol insoluble solids and viscosity decreased by enzyme treatment. However, the changes of carotenoid content were not significantly different. Hunter-b-values(yellowness) were 27.19 and 23.54 for no enzyme-treated puree(NTP) and enzyme-treated puree(ETP), respectively. Hunter-a values(redness) were 2.24 and 6.05 for NTP abd ETP, respectively. Content of total carotenoid of canned puree heated at 13$0^{\circ}C$ for 30 min decreased by 59 percents.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2001

A marine bacterium producing carotenoid was isolated from the Yosu coastal area of South Korea, which was recorded as MCK-1. It was identified as Erythrobacter sp. Optimium conditions of marine carotenoid fermentation from Erythrobacter sp. were pH 6.0, a temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, 16 mM mannitol as a carbon source, 0.5% tryptone as a nitrogen source, 0.1 mM $Fe^{+2}$ ion as a mineral source and 1$\mu$M of cyanocobalamine as a growth factor in a jar-fermentor. Erythrobacter sp. was produced 351.27 mg/100mL of the marine carotenoid in these optimum conditions. This marine carotenoid was composed of 4 different conpounds, like as notoxanthin (61.4%), can thaxanthin (24.6%), fucoxanthin (8.2%), and zeaxanthin (5.8%). Physiological properties including antibacterial activity, cytotoxic effect, antioxidative effect and free radical scavenging activity were characterized with crude carotenoid. Carotenoid exhibited no antibacterial activity against E. coli and lactobacillus bulgaricus, but showed cytotoxic effect against cancer cells such as HepG2 (Hepatocellular carcinoma, human, ATCC HB-8065) and HeLa (Cervical carcinoma, human, ATCC CCL-2) cells. The impediment ratios for HepG2 and HeLa cell were 37.14% and 33.78%, respectively. This carotenoid expressed a strong antioxidative effect (77%) against CCL-13 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL and 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL crude carotenoid, respectively.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.775-779
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• 1993

카로티노이드의 산화에 미치는 수분활성도와 광선의 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 첫째, 동결건조 당근분말로부터 조지질을 분리하여 $30^{\circ}C$에서 산화시켰을 때 산화반응에 따른 카로티노이드 획분의 산화안정성을 살펴보고 둘째, 포화염을 이용하여 수분 활성도를 조절한 동결건조 당근을 $30^{\circ}C$에 저장하면서 반응기간에 따른 카로티노이드의 산화를 살펴보았다. 그리고 광선의 유무에 따른 산화정도도 측정하였다. 당근 조지질을 16일 동안 저장하였을 때 조지질내에 들어 있는 카로티노이드 획분은 초기 함량의 71.8%가 파괴되어 자동산화가 현저하게 일어남을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 이러한 카로티노이드의 자동산화에 미치는 수분활성도와 광선의 영향을 살펴보았을 때 저장기간 35일 동안 모든 수분활성도 범위에서 자동산화는 계속 되었으며 이중 $a_{w}$ 0.42에서 최대 안정성을 나타내었고, 광선에 의한 카로티노이드의 파괴율은 비교군에 비해 더 높았으며 통계적인 유의성이 있었다(p<0.05). 이와 같은 산화반응에 따른 카로티노이드의 흡수 스펙트럼상의 변화는 흡광도의 차이만 있을 뿐 최대파장의 이동은 일어나지 않았다.