• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.591-599
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• 2019

To convert sewage sludge to energy, drying-gasification characteristics during microwave heating were studied. During the gasification of carbon dioxide, the main products were gas, followed by char, and tar in terms of the amount. The main components of the producer gas were carbon monoxide and hydrogen including a small amount of methane and light hydrocarbons. They showed a sufficient heating value as a fuel. The generated tar is gravimetric tar, which is total tar. As light tars, benzene (light aromatic tar) was a major light tar. Naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene (light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tars) were also generated, but in relatively small amounts. Ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (precursor for NO_x) were generated from thermal decomposition of tar containing protein and nitrogen in sewage sludge. In the case of sludge char, its average pore diameter was small, but specific area, pore volume, and adsorption amounts were relatively large, resulting in superior adsorption characteristics.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2000

Present study explains some experimental results on the aerodynamic noise of the cross-flow fan usually installed in the indoor unit of the room air-conditioners and provides a simple reduction method of radiating sound to decrease the total noise level. The spectra of the noise of the cross-flow fan were analyzed by the spectral decomposition method to characterize the generated sound. The unsteady fluctuating flow field was also measured using the I-type hot-wire probe. Comparing the spectral characteristics of the sound and the flow velocity, a useful noise reduction method was proposed, which bounds the region with a fence where the flow fluctuations were noticeably changed in the same fashion as the source spectral distribution functions vary. To validate the proposed method for reducing noise generated by the cross-flow fan, the sound pressure levels of the cross-flow fan system were compared with and without the bounding fence for various flow rates.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.472-478
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• 2018

In this study, the sintering mechanism of woodceramics (WCs) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) was studied by analyzing chemical reactions and structural changes during the sintering process of of CNSW powder, liquefied wood and green bodies of WCs at $900^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes in the $CO_2$ atmosphere. The chemical and structural properties of the products were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the decomposition reactions of liquefied wood and CNSW occurred simultaneously to form the hard carbon and the soft carbon at high temperature. The sintering mechanism of WCs has been presented.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2024

Biogas, composed mainly of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), is a renewable gas that can serve as an alternative energy source. In this study, we developed a new microwave reformer and analyzed its reforming characteristics. We observed that higher temperatures of the microwave receptor led to increased reforming efficiency. By supplying appropriate amounts of methane and steam, we could prevent carbon generated from the thermal decomposition reaction of carbon dioxide from depositing on the catalytic active layer, thus avoiding the inhibition of catalytic activity. Hydrogen generation was enhanced when maintaining the biogas ratio and steam supply at adequate levels. Increasing the SiC ratio in the receptor improved the uniformity of temperature distribution and growth rate, resulting in higher conversion rates of the reforming process.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제21권B호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

In this study, the effects of crystalinity, composition and particle size of $TiO_2$ catalysts on the degradations of humic acid in aqueous solution was assessed using the commercially avaliable $TiO_2$ particles. Photocatalytic oxidations of humic acid (HA, Aldrich Co.) solution were carried out in case of adding different types of $TiO_2$ catalysts and their decomposition efficiencies were analyzed with respect to pH, DOC and UV absorbances values for the HA solutions and compared one another. The experimental results showed that $TiO_2$ particles(Degussa P-25) mixed with anataze and rutile gave the highest degradation efficiencies, respectively and much lower degradation efficiency in $TiO_2$ paticles of rutile only type. In comparing among ST series of anataze types, it was observed that the degradation efficiencies generally were increased with increasing $TiO_2$ contents and surface area of the particles. Higher degradation efficiency of HA was also found in zeolite type(D-TZ) of $TiO_2$ paticles compared with hydroxyapatite type (D-TH) of $TiO_2$ particles.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• 제68권
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• pp.153-160
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• 2018

An environmentally favorable (chlorine-free) solid oxidizer, guanidinium dinitramide [GDN; $NH_2C(NH_2)NH_2N(NO_2)_2$], was newly synthesized from guanidine carbonate [$NH_2C(=NH)NH_2{\cdot}1/2H_2CO_3$]. Two different crystalline forms (${\alpha}-type$ and ${\beta}-type$) appeared according to the applied solvents and synthesis conditions. Moisture, during extraction, might become trapped in a crystal between inner molecules. Therefore, despite having the same chemical composition, Raman-IR and TGA-DSC revealed different physical characteristics of the two forms. Peaks of Raman shift near $1000cm^{-1}$ implied different chemical structures. Thermal analysis revealed an exothermic temperature $155.7^{\circ}C$ for ${\alpha}-type$ but one of $191.6^{\circ}C$ for ${\beta}-type$. The caloric value of ${\alpha}-type$ was 536.4 J/g, which was 2.5 times larger than that of the ${\beta}-type$, which was 1310 J/g. While the synthesized GDN of ${\alpha}-type$ showed a steep exothermic decomposition, the ${\beta}-type$ was slowly decomposed after melting through an endothermic process. This work implied that despite of the same molecular formula some different core thermal properties would appear depending on synthesis conditions.

• 청정기술
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2009

중국 Liaoning에서 산출된 천연 brucite를 원료로 $Mg(OH)_2$ slurry를 제조하고, 그 탈황 성능을 magnesite를 원료로 열분해 및 수화반응으로 제조된, $Mg(OH)_2$ slurry와 비교하였다. Brucite와 magnesite를 원료로 제조된 $Mg(OH)_2$ 분말의 물리/화학적 특성은 유사했지만, brucite를 원료로 제조된 $Mg(OH)_2$ 결정입자의 판상구조가 보다 안정적으로 발달되어 있었다. Brucite와 magnesite를 원료로 제조된 $Mg(OH)_2$ slurry의 탈황효율은 brucite가 조금 높았다. Brucite를 배연탈황용 흡수제로 충분히 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.169-173
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• 2009

Dynamic DSC와 TGA를 이용하여 NR/CR 고무복합체의 가황시스템에 따른 가교화반응과 열화반응특성을 연구하였다. 주어진 샘플에 대하여 승온속도를 각각 달리하여 DSC 곡선을 얻었고, 가황반응이 끝난 같은 샘플을 이용하여 TGA에서도 같은 승온 속도의 실험으로 열분해 곡선을 얻은 다음, Kissinger의 해석 방법에 따라 가교 및 열화 반응의 활성화에너지를 구하고 서로 비교하였다. 실험에 사용된 NR/CR 고무복합재료는 대개 $120{\sim}180^{\circ}C$와 $350{\sim}450^{\circ}C$ 사이의 온도영역에서 각각 가교 반응과 열분해반응이 일어나는 것으로 관찰되었으며 Kissinger의 해석방법이 잘 적용될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 DSC에 의한 생성 활성화에너지는 $83.0{\pm}5.0kJ/mol$로서 TGA에 의한 분해 활성화에너지인 $147.0{\pm}2.0kJ/mol$보다 매우 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 사실로부터 가황제/가황촉진제의 조성비 변화는 반응기구의 변화에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않지만 생성반응 시에는 샘플내의 저분자 화합물들과 함께 촉매역할을 하여 활성화에너지를 낮추는 역할을 하게 되는 반면, 반응이 끝난 후에는 더 이상 촉매로서 작용하지 못하게 되며 이에 따라 열분해활성화에너지는 주쇄의 분해반응에 의해 상대적으로 더 높게 나타내게 되는 것으로 생각할 수 있었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2014

금속산화물이 담지된 허니컴 형상의 플라즈마-촉매 반응기를 이용하여 아이소프로필 알코올(isopropyl alcohol, IPA) 저감 및 부산물 생성 거동에 대해 조사하였다. 허니컴 형상의 다공질 세라믹 지지체(주성분: ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$)에 금속산화물로 산화철($Fe_2O_3$) 또는 산화구리(CuO)를 담지시킨 후, 이 촉매가 동축 원통형 전극구조 내부에 위치하도록 플라즈마-촉매 반응기를 구성하였다. 플라즈마 반응에 의한 IPA 분해속도가 매우 빨랐기 때문에 IPA 분해효율 자체는 금속산화물 담지 여부 및 금속산화물 종류에 관계없이 유사한 것으로 나타났으나, 부산물 생성거동은 촉매종류에 따라 큰 차이를 보여주었다. 아세톤, 폼알데하이드, 아세트알데하이드, 메테인, 일산화탄소 등의 유해 부산물 농도는 $Fe_2O_3/{\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ < $CuO/{\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ < ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ 순으로 높게 나타났다. 유량 $1L\;min^{-1}$, IPA 초기농도 5,000 ppm(산소: 10%), 방전전력 47 W의 조건에서 얻어진 $CO_2$ 선택도는 ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$, $CuO/{\alpha}-Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3/{\alpha}-Al_2O_3$에 대해 각각 40, 80, 95%로서 $Fe_2O_3/{\alpha}-Al_2O_3$가 플라즈마-촉매를 이용한 IPA의 산화에 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 플라즈마를 단독으로 사용하여 휘발성유기화합물을 분해할 경우 타르형태의 생성물이 반응기에 퇴적되는 문제점이 있으나, 플라즈마-촉매 공정에서는 이러한 현상이 관찰되지 않았으며 촉매의 활성이 그대로 유지되었다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.410-417
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• 2003

Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylonitrile) [P(MMA-co-AN)]/Na-MMT nanocomposites were synthesized through emulsion polymerization with pristine Na-MMT. The nanocomposites were exfoliated up to 20 wt% content of pristine Na-MMT relative to the amount of MMA and AN, and exhibited enhanced storage moduli, E', relative to the neat copolymer. The exfoliated morphology of the nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD and TEM. 2-Acryla-mido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) widened the galleries between the clay layers before polymerization and facilitated the comonomers, penetration into the clay to create the exfoliated nanocomposites. The onset of the thermal decomposition of the nanocomposites shifted to a higher temperature as the clay content increased. By calculating areas of tan$\delta$ of the nanocomposites, we observed that the nanocomposites show more solid-like behavior as the clay content increases. The dynamic storage modulus and complex viscosity increased with clay content. The complex viscosity showed shear-thinning behavior as the clay content increased. The Young's moduli of the nano-composites are higher than that of the neat copolymer and they increase steadily as the silicate content increases, as a result of the exfoliated structure at high clay content.