• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.402-417
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• 2023

Objective: Liver fibrosis is a highly conserved wound-healing response and the final common pathway of chronic inflammatory injury. This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-fibrotic effect of the combination of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma water extract (RW) and silymarin in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis model. Methods: The liver fibrosis mouse model was established through the intraperitoneal injection of TAA (1 week 100 mg/kg, 2-3 weeks 200 mg/kg, 4-8 weeks 400 mg/kg) three times per week for eight weeks. Animal experiments were conducted in five groups; Normal, Control (TAA-induced liver fibrosis mice), Sily (silymarin 50 mg/kg), RSL (RW 50 mg/kg+silymarin 50 mg/kg), and RSH (RW 100 mg/kg+silymarin 50 mg/kg). Biochemical analyses were measured in serum, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ammonia levels. Liver inflammatory cytokines and fibrous biomarkers were measured by Western blot analysis, and liver histopathology was evaluated through tissue staining. Results: A significant decrease in the liver function markers AST and ALT and a reduction in ammonia and total bilirubin were observed in the group treated with RSL and RSH. Measurement of reactive oxygen species and MDA revealed a significant decrease in the RSL and RSH administration group compared to the TAA induction group. The expression of extracellular matrix-related proteins, such as transforming growth factor β1, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type I alpha 1, was likewise significantly decreased. All drug-administered groups had increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 but a decreasing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1. RSL and RSH exerted a significant upregulation of NADPH oxidase 2, p22^phox, and p47^phox, which are oxidative stress-related factors. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase 2 and interleukin-1β were markedly suppressed through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation. Conclusions: The administration of RW and silymarin suppressed the NADPH oxidase factor protein level and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation-related enzymes. These results suggest that the combined administration of RW and silymarin improves acute liver injury induced by TAA.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1434-1443
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• 2022

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary quercetin (QUE) and coated sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation alleviate oxidative stress in the small intestine of diquat (DIQ)-challenged pullets. Methods: A total of 200 13-week-old pullets were divided into four groups: the control group (CON), the DIQ group, the QUE group, and the coated SB group, and injected intraperitoneally with either saline (CON) or diquat (DIQ, QUE, and SB) to induce oxidative stress on day 0. Results: On the first day, the malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations in the SB group were significantly different from those in the DIQ and QUE groups (p<0.05), and dietary supplementation with SB increased serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels compared with the DIQ group (p<0.05). Quercetin and SB increased the levels of CLAUDIN-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the jejunum. On the tenth day of treatment, QUE attenuated the decrease in GSH-PX levels compared to those of the CON group (p<0.05), while SB increased SOD, GSH-PX, and total antioxidant capacity levels compared to those of the DIQ group. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA levels in the QUE and SB groups increased (p<0.05) and CLAUDIN-1 mRNA levels in the QUE and SB groups were upregulated compared to those in the DIQ group ileum tissue. Conclusion: Supplementation of QUE and SB demonstrated the ability to relieve oxidative stress in pullets post DIQ-injection with a time-dependent manner and QUE and SB may be potential antioxidant additives for relieving oxidative stress and protecting the intestinal barrier of pullets.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.747-756
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin C on the formation of aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-DNA adduct and $AFB_1$-induing cellular oxidative damage in rat livers treated with radiation and $AFB_1$. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, the $AFB_1$-treated group, the group treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C, the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$, and the group treated with X-ray and $AFB_1$ with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection, followed an hour later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ via intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were administered every three days for 15 days. On the 16th day, the animals were sacrificed. The $AFB_1$ contents of the rat sera were determined via indirect competitive ELISA. In the quantitative analysis of $AFB_1$ in the rat sera via ELISA, $5.17{\pm}0.34ng/mL$ of $AFB_1$ was detected in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount decreased more significantly to $3.23{\pm}0.76ng/mL$ in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. The effect of vitamin C on $AFB_1$-DNA adduct formation was determined via ELISA. The values of $AFB_1$-DNA adduct formation were $9.38{\pm}0.41ng/mL$ in the $AFB_1$-treated groups, but the amount decreased more significantly to $5.28{\pm}0.32ng/mL$ in the groups treated with $AFB_1$ and vitamin C (p<0.01) than in the $AFB_1$-treated groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the accumulation of the $AFB_1$ was not observed in the normal liver tissue (G1). The $AFB_1$-positive materials were observed in the central vein and the portal vein of the liver tissue from the $AFB_1$(G2) treatment or the X-ray and $AFB_1$(G4) co-treatment, but the $AFB_1$-positive materials were observed weakly in the group treated with vitamin C (G3 and G5). These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the $AFB_1$ accumulation of liver tissue.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate cardiopulmonary depressant effects of enflurane (1.0 vol%) combined with propofol(0.25 mg/kg/min) compared with enflurane inhalation, and propofol infusion, respectively, in 18 healthy dogs premedicated with acepromazine and atropine. After bolus injection of propofol 5 mg/kg for induction and tracheal intubation, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: propofol 0.5 mg/kg/min infusion (Group I, n=6), enflurane 2.5 vol% (Group II, n=6) and enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min (Group III, n=6). Mean arterial Pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were depressed significantly in all groups, especially in Group II. MAP, SAP and DAP values of Group IIIwere higher than those of Group II, but lower than those of Group I. The changes of PaO$_2$, Pa$CO_2$and pHa were similar in all groups. Respiration rates were decreased in all groups 5 minutes after induction but maintained in normal range. Those of Group I were less depressant than those of Group II and Group III. Concentrations of $Na^+ and Cl^-$ were increased and those of $K^+$ were decreased in all groups, but their values were quitely similar. Heart rate was changed in small range and the value of Group I was higher than those of Group II and Group III. Body temperature was decreased significantly in all groups. Adverse effects like as muscle rigidity, nausea or vomiting and shivering were not appeared and apnea at induction was occured 6 dogs. From the these results, enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min also could be applied for anesthesia in dogs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1186-1194
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• 2017

Recently, many people have demanded reliable nutritional data even for minor-components. On the other hand, an analytical method for the analyses of vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ is lacking. Therefore, this study attempted to validate with accuracy and precision the analysis of vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ contents were analyzed using an Agilent 1260 series HPLC system. YMC-Pack ODS-AM ($250{\times}4.6mm$ I.D.) and YMC-Pack Pro RS $C_{18}$ ($250{\times}4.6mm$ I.D.) columns were used for the analyses of vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$, respectively. In the case of vitamin $B_5$, the flow rate was set to 1.0 mL/min by isocratic elution using the 50 mM $KH_2PO_4$ solution (pH 3.5)/acetonitrile (ACN) (95:5, v/v) with monitoring at 200 nm using HPLC/DAD, whereas the flow rate for vitamin $B_6$ was set to 1.0 mL/min of flow rate by isocratic elution using a 20 mM $CH_3CO_2Na$ solution (pH 3.6)/ACN (97:3, v/v) with monitoring by excitation at 290 nm and emission at 396 nm using HPLC/FLD. The column temperature was set to $30^{\circ}C$. The injection volume was $20{\mu}L$ for each experiment. The specificity of the accuracy and precision for vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ were also validated by HPLC. The results showed high linearity in the calibration curve for vitamin $B_5$ ($R^2=0.9998^{{\ast}{\ast}}$), the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.4 mg/L and 1.3 mg/L, respectively, In contrast, for the calibration curve of vitamin $B_6$, which showed high linearity ($R^2=0.9999^{{\ast}{\ast}}$), the LOD and LOQ were 0.006 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2015

Purpose Breast lymphoscintigraphy is an important technique to present for body surface precisely, which shows a lymph node metastasis of malignant tumors at an early stage and is performed before and after surgery in patients with breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated several methods of body outline imaging to present exact location of lesions, as well as compared respective exposure doses. Materials and Methods RANDO phantom and SYMBIA T-16 were used for obtaining imaging. A lesion and an injection site were created by inserting a point source of 0.11 MBq on the axillary sentinel lymph node and 37 MBq on the right breast, respectively. The first method for acquiring the image was used by drawing the body surface of phantom for 30 sec using $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ as a point source. The second, the image was acquired with $^{57}Co$ flood source for 30 seconds on the rear side and the left side of the phantom, the image as the third method was obtained using a syringe filled with 37 MBq of $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ in 10 ml of saline, and as the fourth, we used a photon energy and scatter energy of $^{99m}Tc$ emitting from phantom without any addition radiation exposure. Finally, the image was fused the scout image and the basal image of SPECT/CT using MATLAB$^{(R)}$ program. Anterior and lateral images were acquired for 3 min, and radiation exposure was measured by the personal exposure dosimeter. We conducted preference of 10 images from nuclear medicine doctors by the survey. Results TBR values of anterior and right image in the first to fifth method were 334.9 and 117.2 ($1^{st}$), 266.1 and 124.4 ($2^{nd}$), 117.4 and 99.6 ($3^{rd}$), 3.2 and 7.6 ($4^{th}$), and 565.6 and 141.8 ($5^{th}$). And also exposure doses of these method were 2, 2, 2, 0, and $30{\mu}Sv$, respectively. Among five methods, the fifth method showed the highest TBR value as well as exposure dose, where as the fourth method showed the lowest TBR value and exposure dose. As a result, the last method ($5^{th}$) is the best method and the fourth method is the worst method in this study. Conclusion Scout method of SPECT/CT can be useful that provides the best values of TBR and the best score of survey result. Even though personal exposure dose when patients take scout of SPECT/CT was higher than another scan, it was slight level comparison to 1 mSv as the dose limit to non-radiation workers. If the scout is possible to less than 80 kV, exposure dose can be reduced, and also useful lesion localization provided.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2017

A vertical multi-stage ammonia stripping reactor using E-PFR, which has been proved to be superior in anaerobic and aerobic treatment, was developed and a lab scale experiment was conducted. According to the change of stage number condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen in the reactor with 0-stage was about 52.5% after 8 hours (pH 10, temperature $35^{\circ}C$, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$) However, in the reactor with 5-stage, the removal efficiency was about 62.6%. According to the change of pH condition, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was about 42.6% at pH 9 after 8 hours, and was about 74.4% at pH 11 (5-stage reactor, temperature $35^{\circ}C$, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$). According to the change of temperature condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen was about 51% at $25^{\circ}C$ after 8 hours (5-stage reactor, pH 10, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$), and was about 87.2% at $45^{\circ}C$. According to the change of air injection volume condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen was about 45.8% at $2min^{-1}$ after 8 hours (5-stage reactor, pH 10, and at $35^{\circ}C$). and was about 75% at $4min^{-1}$. Based on these results, we will follow up the applicability of the actual plant in the future through continuous operation evaluation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.828-836
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• 2012

The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of the extracts isolated from the fruit body of Flammulina velutipes cultivated with oriental herbal plants on mouse splenocytes, B cells, and macrophages in vitro. The ethanol extracts B (EEB) directly induced the proliferation of spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner and increased IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$ synthesis. The EEB also increased the proliferation of B cells in a dose-dependent manner. The production of immunoglobulin M, G1, G2a, G2b, and IgG3 in the presence of the EEB increased progressively in the culture supernatant. When the EEB were used in macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) stimulation, there was a marked induction of NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner and an increased IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and GM-CSF synthesis. Intraperitoneal injection with EBB showed life prolongation effect of 16.1% in mice previously inoculated with sarcoma-180, respectively. These results suggest that the capacity of the EEB isolated from the fruit body of Flammulina velutipes cultivated with oriental herbal plants seems to act as a potent immunomodulator causing augmentation of immune cell activity, and with the absence of notable side-effects, Flammulina velutipes EEB could be used as a biological response modifier having possible therapeutic effects against immunological disorders. This study also showed that functional components of Flammulina velutipes were possibly improved by incorporating oriental herbal plants in a growth medium.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1991

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor(Baxter infusor with patient control module, Baxter health care Co., Deerfield IL 60015 USA: BI $\bar{c}$ PCM) has been developed that will deliver both a continuous drug infusion as well as allow the patient to deliver extra doses of medication on a demand basis under predetermined limitation of analgesics. Patients may also not require as high analgesic dose rate to control pain when the acceptable and tolerable level of pain relief can be maintained by this device. From April l99l, we have used a total l93 units of BI $\bar{c}$ PCM. These units consisting of two components which one made by a balloon reservoir(capacity 65 ml, flow rate 0.5 ml/hr) to store medication and to regulate the pump power(490 torr), and another two PCMs to regulate additional analgesic administration by patients demand at intervals of 1S minutes and 60 minutes. The dose administered to the patient can be varied by changing the concentration of the infusate within the balloon reservoir. These devices were utilized for the pain control of 44 patients. These patients were divided into two groups. Twenty seven cases had cancer pain and 17 cases had non-cancer pain. The Touhy needle(No. l8 G.) tip was inserted into the epidural space and was used to guide the catheter to the spinal nerve level corresponding to the most painful area. The device was connected to the opposite site of the catheter tip and was filled with 60 ml of mixture solution such as 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml, morphine HCl 10 mg, trazodone 10 ml, Tridol 3 ml and normal saline 31 ml were administed as the initial dose. When the initial dose was less effective, the next dose could be varied by increasing the concentration of bupivacaine, by adding more morphine (5~10 mg), and by reducing the volume of normal saline. Using these modules of drug self administration, we experienced the following: 1) Improvement of patient's self titration of analgesic requirement was provided. 2) The patients anxiety with pain recurrence resulting from delays in administering pain control medication was decreased significantly. 3) The working load accompanying with the single bolus injection as the usual method was reduced remarkably. 4) There was urinary retention in 5 cases and pruritus in 4 eases which developed as side effects but respiratory depression and vomiting was not encountered in a single case.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.277-295
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• 2018

As it has become difficult to secure new water resources through dam construction due to the critical social public opinions on dam construction from 10 years ago, it is necessary to review the existing water resources through the review of existing dams. Accordingly, access methods, such as planning, construction and management, were carried out using technologies already accumulated in relation to the repair and reinforcement of the dam. As a result of the repair and reinforcement, permeation grouting has been performed in many dams, but the establishment of the technology is insufficient so far, and the published paper at home and abroad is extremely rare. In this thesis, low-pressure penetration and grouting reinforcement technologies for the YC dam are analyzed in detail. As a result, penetration grouting has shown that it can be effectively applied to the improvement in the constallability of the core fill-like a YC dam. In addition, the technical details of the experience-proven penetration grouting are given in relation to the injection criteria. It is deemed that the specific analysis data of the Fill Dam penetration grouting technology through this study can be used as useful data for strengthening the repair of Fill Dam and reservoir.