• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

Background: To determine the molecular structure of type II collagen-specific T-cell receptors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: We generated CII-specific T-cell lines of 8 RA patients by prolonged in vitro culture with bovine CII (bCII) and the immunogenic peptide (256-270) of human CII. The proliferation response towards CII stimulation was measured from the uptake of 3H-thymidine. Changes in the secretion of Th 1 and Th2 cytokines in the culture supernatent were measured by ELISA. The TCR clonotypes of these T-cells were examined by RT-PCR/SSCP analyses of all 22 $V_{\beta}$ chains. Results: T-cells from patients' tissue exhibited strong proliferation index upon CII stimulation, which was maintained up to 6 months in the culture. The secretion of INF-$\gamma$from these T-cells increased along with the duration of culture time, while the amount of IL-4 production did not show significant changes. The SSCP band patterns of patients' T-cells appear as discrete bands unlike the smeary streak produced from normal samples. Some SSCP bands, each representing selected expansion of a TCR containing certain subtype of $V_{\beta}$ peptides, appeared to be identical in more than one patients. Among these, the expansion of SSCP band representing the $V_{\beta}$ 14 CDR3 region persisted after switching the antigen to the immunogenic human peptide (256-270). Conclusion: CII-reactive T-cells expressing distinct CDR3 motifs are selectively expanded in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of RA patients, and their persistent proliferation upon CII stimulation, as well as the production Th 1-type cytokines, may play pivotal roles in RA pathogenesis.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.420-426
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• 2011

슈퍼자미(SuperC3GHi) 쌀 품종은 색소 성분인 cyanidine-3-glucoside(C3G)의 함량을 크게 증대시킨 품종이다. 슈퍼자미 벼품종을 활용한 새로운 기능성 소재 및 제품으로의 개발 가능성을 타진하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 슈퍼자미 벼품종의 버섯 균사체 발효물을 이용하여 항염증, 항알러지, 항암 기능의 검증을 수행하였다. 1. 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물의 항염 활성을 분석하기 위하여 ear-edema test를 수행한결과 약 35.6%의 염증 억제율을 나타내었다. 2. 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물의 항알러지 활성을 확인하기 위하여 비만세포인 RBL-2H3 세포의 hexoamidase 및 histamine 유리 활성을 조사한 결과 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물을 처리하였을 때 각각 약 40% 및 57%의 억제 활성을 나타내어 항알러지 활성을 확인하였다. 3. 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물의 항암 활성을 조사한 결과 복수암 모델 및 고형암 모델에서 모두 암세포의 증식을 억제하는 활성을 나타내었고, 혈액중 백혈구의 수치를 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타나 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물이 항암 활성을 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 4. 이상의 결과에서 슈퍼자미 품종의 미강을 버섯 균사체 발효를 통해 얻어진 기능성 소재는 항염, 항알러지, 항암 활성을 통해서 우수한 기능성 소재로서의 개발 가능성이 매우 높다고 판단된다.

• 전기의세계
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1992

내연기관의 가솔린자동차보다 역사가 오래된 전기자동차는 상대적으로 주생성능과 가격 경쟁력의 열세로 그 자취를 감추었고 최근까지 주로 특수목적의 단거리 저속차량으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 1890년대 후반부터 전세계가 자동차배기가스에 의한 대기오염과 지구온난화 현상등의 문제를 심각하게 공감하게 되었고 마침내 미국 캘리포니아주에서는 전가자동차의 강제판매를 규정화하게 이르렀다. 이 규정에 의하면 1998년도부터 차량 판매대수의 2%를 전기자동차 판매로 강제요구하고 있다. 이 비율은 2000녀도에 5% 2003년에는 10%로 늘어날 계획이다. 따라서 미국에 많은 자동차를 수출하고 있는 일본, 독일 및 여러 유럽국가에서는 이 사업에 막대한 자금을 투자하며 개발에 몰두하고 있다. 미국의 Big3도 에너지성의 도움으로 최근 USABC를 결성하여 전기자동차 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 지금까지 기존의 가솔린자동차 기술에 있어서 일본과 독일에 상대적 열세에 있었던 미국도 이번 캘리포니아주의 전기자동차 강제판매 규정에 따른 전기자동차 사업으로 미국자동차 시장의 새로운 판도를 조성하겠다는 의도인듯하다. 국내에서도 정부가 이 사업의 중요성을 심각히 인식하고 G7사업과제의 하나로 선정하여 산, 학, 연 각층의 전문가가 참여하여 성공적으로 개발을 마칠 수 있도록 적극 지원하고 있다. 지금까지의 평균주행성능을 보면 최고속도 100-120km/h, 일층전 최대주행거리 150-200km 정도이며, 아직 양산체제에 돌입하지 않았기 때문에 가격면에서 경쟁력이 없는 실정이다. 그러나 1990년도에 들면서 각종 요소부품들의 기술수준이 급성장을 이루어서 앞으로 10년정도 후면 성능과 가격면에서 가솔린자동차와 대등한 수준의 전기자동차 개발이 실현될 수 있으리라 예측된다.는 영향받지 않았다. Clonidine의 심박수 감소작용은 .뇌실내및 정맥내 diltiazem이나 nifedipine 처리후에 감약되었다. 5). 뇌실내 clonidine$(30{\mu}g)$ 처 리후 뇌실내 diltiazem$(400{\mu}g)$과 nifedipine$(350{\mu}g)$의 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 영향 받지 않고 그대로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 diltiazem과 nifedipine은 가토뇌내에서 methoxamine에 의한 혈압상승의 작용점인 alrfia-1 adrenoceptor의 흥분에는 영향을 미치지 못하나 clonidine의 작용점인 alpha-2 adrenoceptor의 흥분에 의한 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 억제한다고 추론하였다.thin 함량은 110.6 mg/L로서 산업적인 생산성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이번 연구를 통하여 개발된 변이주 B76 및 이의 대량 발효를 위한 최종조건의 정립은 향후 astaxanthin의 산업적 생산공정에 필요한 기초자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.색총말내에 소형의 도형, 소형의 장형 연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE의 3가지 연접소포를 가지고 있었고 출현빈도수는 촉각엽에서 가장 큰 33%이었다. 제5형 신경연접은 축색종말내에 중등도크기의 원형, 대형의 원형연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE을 포함하였고 13%의 출현빈도수로 관찰되었다. 배추횐나비의 촉각에 있는 지각신경세포가 뇌의 촉각엽으로 뻗어 들어가 위의 5가지 신경연접중 어느 형을 형성하는지를 관찰하기 위하여 좌측 촉각의 기부를 제거하여 지각신경세포를 절단하였는데 그 결과, 좌측 촉각엽에서 제4형의 신경연접이 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.536-547
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• 2008

Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS, leucoanthocyanidin oxygenase), a 2-oxoglutarate iron-dependent oxygenase, catalyzed the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of the anthocyanin class of flavonoids, from the colorless leucoanthocyanidins to the colored anthocyanidins. The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of ANS gene (designated as GbANS) were isolated from Ginkgo biloba for the first time. The full-length cDNA of GbANS contained a 1062-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 354-amino-acid protein. The genomic DNA analysis showed that GbANS gene had three exons and two introns. The deduced GbANS protein showed high identities to other plant ANSs. The conserved amino acids (H-X-D) ligating ferrous iron and residues (R-X-S) participating in 2-oxoglutarate binding were found in GbANS at the similar positions like other ANSs. Southern blot analysis indicated that GbANS belonged to a multi-gene family. The expression analysis by real-time PCR showed that GbANS expressed in a tissue-specific manner in G. biloba. GbANS was also found to be up-regulated by all of the six tested abiotic stresses, UV-B, abscisic acid, sucrose, salicylic acid, cold and ethylene, consistent with the promoter region analysis of GbANS. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli strain with pET-28a vector. The in vitro enzyme activity assay by HPLC indicated that recombinant GbANS protein could catalyze the formation the cyanidin from leucocyanidin and conversion of dihydroquercetin to quercetin, suggesting GbANS is a bifunctional enzyme within the anthocyanidin and flavonol biosynthetic pathway.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of cottonseed meal with various carbohydrate sources in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Four, 6 months old dairy bulls were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and cassava chip+rice bran in the ratio of 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was cotton seed meal levels in the concentrate; 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). Bulls received urea-lime treated rice straw ad libitum and were supplemented with 10 g of concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source and level of cotton seed meal did not have significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial protein synthesis or feed intake. Animals which received CC showed significantly higher BUN concentration, ruminal propionic acid and butyric acid proportions, while dry matter, organic matter digestibility, populations of total viable bacteria and proteolytic bacteria were lower than those in the CR3:1 treatment. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher in HCM than LCM treatments, while the concentration of butyric acid was higher in LCM than HCM treatments. The population of proteolytic bacteria with the LCM treatments was higher than the HCM treatments; however other bacteria groups were similar among the different levels of cotton seed meal. Bulls which received LCM had higher protein digestibility than those receiving HCM. Therefore, using high levels of cassava chip and cotton seed meal might positively impact on energy and nitrogen balance for the microbial population in the rumen of the young dairy bull.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.873-882
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• 2008

Eight ileally cannulated pigs (BW $35.9{\pm}0.9kg$) were randomly allotted according to a $4{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of cellulose, pectin and starch on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as on the bacterial AA contribution in feces. The pigs were fed the control diet (20.2% CP, % dry matter (DM)) or one of the three experimental diets in which 25% of the control diet was substituted by cellulose, starch or pectin. Due to this substitution, dietary CP levels were lower in the cellulose (15.5% CP, % DM), pectin (15.4% CP, % DM) and starch diet (15.2% CP, % DM). Following a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. Starch increased SID of CP, while cellulose and pectin had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP. Overall, starch supplementation resulted in higher (p<0.05) SID values of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine and serine compared with cellulose, while pectin decreased (p<0.05) SID of valine and proline compared with the starch and control diet. Both cellulose and pectin reduced (p<0.05) the ATTD of CP and AA, while starch decreased (p<0.05) ATTD of phenylalanine, alanine, proline and serine compared with the control. With regard to bacterial AA composition of the fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), cellulose supplementation increased (p<0.05) its content of N and almost all AA, except for valine, while pectin caused higher contents of arginine, histidine and proline compared with the control (p<0.05). The bacterial contribution of arginine in feces was higher (p<0.05) in the cellulose treatment, while pectin reduced (p<0.05) the bacterial contribution of leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline in feces compared with the control. In conclusion, the effects of cellulose, starch and pectin on SID were rather small. Bacterial activity in the large intestine can only explain the reduced ATTD values for arginine in the cellulose treatment, but not for the other AA in the cellulose and pectin treatments, suggesting higher endogenous losses of these AA in the large intestine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1972

Protein malnutrition of children is one of the most serious nutritional deficiencies in developing country. Urea nitrogen excretion in ureotelic animals is the function most sensitive to dietary protein. The 24 hours excretion of creatinine in the urine of a given subject is remarkably constant from day to day. The creatinine excretion of different individuals of the same age and sex is also quite constant. Low ratios of urinary urea to creatinine are found children low protein intake. The foregiving world-wide investigations indicate that the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios seems to be a good biochemical indicator to distinguish among group with different levels of protein intake. The purpose of this study is to evluate an indicator of protein intake on the elementary school children ranged from 6 to 8 years of age living in rural and urban areas. Each child measured for height and weight of body. weight measured by means of a plate from scale and height by a vertical measuring rod. Biochemical test were taken from a finger-tip and urine. Hemoglobin level in the blood was measured by cyanomethemoglobin method. From the urine samples, urea nitrogen and urea creatinie were determined by Folin-Wu method and: calculate the ratio. The following result were obtained: 1) Mean of the body weight and height in urban children(Seoul) was higher and heavier than rural children(Kyunggi, Kangwon). And 12% of boys, 18% of girls in Kyunggi and 25% of boys, 22% of girls in Kangwon area weight less than 80% of Korean Physical Standard weight level. 2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in Seoul are children were 13. 3g/100ml, 13.1g/100ml and the mean of hemoglobin values in Kyunggi 12.9g/100ml of boys, 12.4g/100ml of girls, and 12.4g/100ml of boys, 12.9g/100ml of girls in Kangwon children. It is found that 22% to 24% children inrural area (Kyunggi, Kangwon) had hemoglobin level less than 12g/100ml which means anemia. 3) The mean of hematocrit level of Seoul, boys and girls children were 33.5%, 34.1% and 33.4%, 33.1%, in Kyunggi area and 33.1%, 32.9% in Kangwon area. 4) Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios in Seoul children were 9. 0, 10. 0 of boys and girls, the ratio were 8.2, 8.0 in Kyunggi boys and girls children, and 7.5 and 7.4 in Kangwon boys, girls children. Low-income rural and upper-income urban background large differences between two groups in the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio(Seoul: Kangwon in male, female children. p<0.05, p<0.001). The urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio definetly seems to be a good indicator of the quantity of the protein intake. However, whether or not it is an indicator of the quality of the ingested protein ramains to be seen.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 1986

간석지(干拓地)에 자생(自生)하는 갈대 식생군락(植生群落)에 무비구(無肥區)와 시비구(施肥區)를 설치하여 5월(月)부터 10월(月)까지 월별(月別)로 초장(草長), 엽경비(葉莖比) 및 생산량(生産量)을 측정하고, 시료(試料)를 채취한 후 사료성분(飼料成分) 및 in vitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)을 추정하였는바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 시비(施肥)에 의하여 갈대의 초장(草長) 및 수량(收量)이 증가(增加)하는 한편 식물체(植物體)의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 in vitro 건물소화율이 유의적으로 향상되었는데 반(反)해 ADF 함량(含量)이 감소하였다. 2. 상관계수(相關係數)의 유의성(有意性) 검정(檢定)결과 생육시기(生育時期) 초장(草長), 수량(收量), crude fiber 및 ADF함량(含量)과 in vitro 건물소화율간(乾物消化率間)에는 부(負)(-)와 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타냈고, 엽경비율(葉莖比率) crude protein 및 crude fat 함량(含量)과 건물소화율(乾物消化率)과는 정(正)(+)의 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타냈다(P<0.05).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1045-1051
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• 1996

전해 산화수의 식품가공 분야에의 이용가능성을 확인하고자 미생물에 대한 실험적 살균 효과와 배추, 양배추, 케일 및 상치를 대상으로 표면살균 효과를 검토하였다. 전해 산화수는 제조 초기에 산화환원전위 1,100mV-1,200mv를 나타냈으며, 실온에 16일 방치할 경우 1,000 mV, 30일 방치할 경우 600 mV 수준으로 감소되었다. 시험관 내에서 전해 산화수 처리 시간에 따른 미생물 살균 효과는, E. coli는 20분, S. aureus와 S. cerevisiae는 10분, 그리고 S. typhi는 40분 처리하면 완전히 사멸하는 것으로 나타났으나 B. cereus는 전해 산화수 처리 60분 후에도 일부 생존하고 있어 미생물 종류에 따라 살균 효과가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 배추, 양배추, 케일 및 상치와 같은 채소의 종류에 따른 전해 산화수의 표면살균 효과를 검토하고자 이들 채소류를 수도수 및 전해 산화수에 각각 60분까지 침지하여 침지시간에 따른 잔존 미생물수를 측정하였다. 수도수를 대조구로하여 60분까지 침지하였을 경우 배추, 양배추, 케일 및 상치는 모두 초기의 총균수와 대장균군수를 유지하고 있었으나 전해 산화수를 처리하면 채소의 종류에 따라 약간 다르지만 전반적으로 살균 효과가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 즉 전해 산화수를 처리하였을 경우, 배추는 침지 60분 후 초기 총균수의 96% 이상이 감소되었으며 대장균군수는 침지 50분 후부터는 검출되지 않았다. 양배추는 침지 60분 후 초기 총균수의 99% 이상이 감소되었고, 대장균군은 검출되지 않았다. 케일은 침지 60분 후 초기 총균수의 97% 이상이 감소되었고, 대장균군수는 침지 30분 후에는 검출되지 않았다. 한편 상치는 침지 60분 후 초기 총균수의 90%이상이 감소되었고, 대장균군수는 98% 수준이 감소되었지만 배추, 양배추, 케일의 경우와는 달리 완전 사멸하지 않는 것으로나타났다. 이상의 결과는 식품의 종류 및 미생물 종류에 따라 전해 산화수의 살균 효과에 약간의 차이가 있음을 보임과 동시에 식품가공에서의 제균 매체로 그 이용 가능성이 높음을 시사하고 있다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.903-910
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• 2007

In order to make acquire a potential use for Opuntia humifusa as a natural functional food material, this study was performed to determine the quality properties of Jeung-pyun made with added Opuntia humifusa, or prickly pear powder. According to an analysis of its major components, we found that the prickly pear powder consisteds of nitrogen-free extracts (71.85%) and crude fiber (11.20%). Greater additions of prickly pear powder had resulted in significantly lower pH in the of Jeung-pyun. According to measurements on the degree of Jeung-pyun gelatinization, by means of ${\beta}$-amylase, greater additions of prickly pear powder led to the higher levels of isolated maltose, indicating that the gelatinization degree of the Jeung-pyun became higher. Also, samples with higher concentrations of prickly pear powder had a tendency toward lower water content, which allowed us to expect a longer storage duration for the Jeung-pyun. In the textural property tests the Jeung-pyun that had less hardness and greater adhesiveness (p<0.05) than the control group as the content of prickly pear powder became higher. Also, the Jeung-pyunhad lower gumminess and chewiness than the control group as the content of prickly pear powder became higher. Therefore, it is possible to prepare relatively soft Jeung-pyun using prickly pear powder. For the color differences of the Jeung-pyun samples, lower L- values, and higher a- and b -values (p<0.05) presented as the addition level of prickly pear powder became higher. According to SEM observations of the Jeung-pyun, the added prickly pear powder addition groups generally showed a smaller and more inconsistent pore size, but higher porosity, than the control group. According to sensory analyses of the Jeung-pyun, the P2 group scored highest for color item, and the P4 group generated the fermented scent. Higher additions content of prickly pear powder led to the lower score, but higher scores for adhesiveness. Finally, the P2 group achieved the highest score for overall taste.