• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.705-713
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• 2009

We prepared salmon patties and compared the quality characteristics thereof with those of commercial tuna and pork patties. The moisture and crude ash contents of salmon patty were lower, whereas the crude protein content was higher, than those of commercial patties. The crude lipid content of salmon patty was higher than that of tuna patty, but lower than that of pork patty. The pH value and the volatile basic nitrogen content of salmon patty were lower than those of the commercial patties. Hunter color values (L, a, b) in a cross-section of cooked salmon patty were higher, whereas the ${\Delta}E$ value was lower, than those of the two commercial patties. The lipophilic browning index (0.397) of salmon patty was higher, whereas the hydrophilic browning index (0.047) was lower, than those of commercial patties. Trichloroacetic acid-soluble N content (272 mg/100 g) of salmon patty was lower than of commercial patties. The major fatty acids of salmon patty were palmitic acid (11.9%), oleic acid (27.6%), and linoleic acid (30.1%), whereas small amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 3.7%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 8.4%) were also found. The predominant amino acids of all patties were arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, threonine, and proline, and the contents of these amino acids in salmon patty were higher than in the two commercial patties. The Fe, Ca, K, P, and Mg contents of salmon patty were 2.4 mg/100g, 42.6 mg/100g, 207.5 mg/100g, 211.6 mg/100 g, and 29.9 mg/100 g, respectively. The sensory quality of salmon patty was higher than that of pork patty. These results indicate that salmon patty may have good quality characteristics, comparable to those of the two commercial patties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.615-623
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• 2001

A study of mammary function in relation to glucose metabolism of first lactation Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 primiparous cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) for 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. On a DM basis R1 contained 70% elephant grass (PP, Penicetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 25% GS supplemented with 55% Hibiscus tilliacius leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, with R4 supplemented with zinc-diacetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weights were monitored, an energy and protein balance trial conducted, overall glucose kinetics parameters assessed, mammary blood flow (MBF) and metabolite arteriovenous differences (${\Delta}AVs$) measured to get uptake data and mammary performance relationships. Parameters of glucose kinetics at peak lactation or during dry condition were not affected by ration quality. Glucose pool size, space of distribution and flux increased by 61.77, 62.26 and 82.08%, respectively, during lactation compared to the dry period. Mean glucose flux of lactating Bali cows was $5.52mg/min.kgBW^{0.807}$ which resembles the range of values of temperate dairy cows. Calculation showed that glucose requirements for maintenance, milk lactose and fat-glycerol synthesis, and the formation of NADPH reached 461.69 g for a yield of 1 kg/d or equal to 320.62 mg/min, which was less than the average glucose flux of lactating Bali cows of 481.35 mg/min. Mammary blood flow (MBF) values ranged from 56 to 83 l/h for the different treatments and the ratio MBF per kg milk produced improved from av. 1540 l/kg for R1 to av. 967 l/kg for R4 treated cows. Mammary glucose uptake ranged from 6.27 to 12.03 g/h or 120 to 140 g/kg milk. Glucose uptake was mass-wise 2 to 4 times the amount secreted as lactose, which indicated values less than the calculated mammary glucose needs and that little lactose was synthesized. The excess glucose taken-up was used for other metabolic processes. Linear relationships between metabolite ${\Delta}AVs$ and arterial blood plasma concentration [A] showed that in Bali cows triglycerides (TG), phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) have high coefficients of determination, i.e. 0.77, 0.81 and 0.69, respectively. For glucose, the relationship is quadratic with an $R^2$ value of 0.49. It was concluded that lactose synthesis was inadequate, which led to a speculation that milk yield could be improved by increased lactose synthesis.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.9
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• pp.49-66
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• 1969

Eri-silkworm is known as a tropical insect where as poly-voltine type in that area. It eats caster oil plant leaves which are cultivated as an every year cultivatable seed oil use in this country, even though it grows for many years in tropical countries. That is why, farmers have freedom for its cultivation in any year if they want. Therefore, eri-silkworm rearing service is flexible for its diet procurment as wish of farmer. The eri-cocoon price or economical fluctuation may be reactable for the rearing work not like as mulberry cocoon. Fortunately, it also eats cynthia tree leaves. Standing from such a easy condition, the authors have studied about this problem since 1963 to develope a culturing method of eri-silkworm rearing in this country and the authors brought out the matters to be produced as an industry scale. Here, the authors summarized their works of the results covering with thirty three work tables. The obtained results are as follows.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1348-1353
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• 2005

Purpose : Influenza is a respiratory disease which prevails widely every year and shows high morbidity and mortality among not only chronic invalids and the old, but also among infants and young children. To prevent community-acquired influenza infection, to facilitate prompt antiviral therapy and to avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics, an easy, rapid diagnostic method for the influenza virus is needed. We evaluated a lateral-flow immunoassay(QuickVue Influenza Test), compared to viral culture. Methods : During two consecutive years from Jan. 2004 to June 2004 and from Feb. 2005 to Jan. 2005, 408 patients who were suffering from fever, cough and/or sore throat and myalgia were enrolled in our study. A total of 408 patients were tested with $QuickVue^{(R)}$(Quidel Co., San Diego, USA) influenza rapid antigen test and virus cultures at the same time. Results : Of the 408 patients tested, children who showed positive results at the virus culture numbered 77; among them, 55(71.4 percent) were type A/H3N2 and 22(28.5 percent) were type B. QuickVue influenza test had a sensitivity of 71.4 percent and a specificity of 95.8 percent. The positive and negative predictive values were 79.7 percent and 93.5 percent, respectively. Conclusion : In our study, this test had comparable high sensitivity and high specificity and many advantages, such as being easy to perform and simple to interpret, and showing rapid results. If rapid influenza antigen tests are widely applied in the clinic, we can begin treatment more rapidly and reduce influenza complications and the abuse of antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1990

Experiment was conducted to establish the weed control system on the paddy fields by investigating species, period and amount of weeds in Gangwon province. Four locations were selected for these experiments : West plain area, Chunchon(74m above the sea level), mid-mountainous area, Hongchon(300 m), high alpine area, Hoengsong(450m), and east sea area, Myungju(14m). Weed emergence was investigated 6 times from 10 days after transplanting to 60 days with 10 days interval. From the experiments stated above, the results were summarized as follows ; The identity of weed species was small in grass family, but broad-leaf family was numerous. Also the dominant weed species was generally the perenial weeds. The weed emergence was initiated from 10 days after translanting. The amounts of weed counted the most in Chunchon. A large number of weeds were emerged between 30-60 days after transplanting in Chunchon and between 40-60 days after transplanting in Hongchon and Hoengsong. Among agronomic characteristics affected by weed emergence during rice development, plant height was decreased by 2~4cm, panicle number by 1.3~2.9, spikelet by 3.7~7.5, ripening rates 3.3~6.5%, and milled yield by 12~17%, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 2013

In this study we investigated the possibility of preparing brewed brown rice makgeolli, a traditional Korean rice wine, under diverse conditions. For this purpose the physicochemical characteristics of makgeolli brewed at different temperatures, utilizing a variety of nuruks, the traditional Korean fermentation agent, were studied. The alcohol content was seen to be highest when brewing occurred at $30^{\circ}C$, with the nuruk TN producing 16.2%. At $20^{\circ}C$TN produced 14.1% alcohol content. The alcohol content was therefore higher, by about 2%, for $30^{\circ}C$ fermentations than $20^{\circ}C$ fermentations. Similarly, saccharifying activity was influenced by temperature and sugar content, with a higher activity seen at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. As the fermentations progressed acidification petered out, with titratable acidity being 0.50-0.67% in all end samples. On the Hunter L, a, b scale; the a value decreased slightly, while the b value increased steadily during the fermentation process. Measurements of total organic acids were highest at $30^{\circ}C$, with the nuruk AK, at about 550 mg%. The content of citric acid was the highest at $30^{\circ}C$, being 230-310 mg% in all samples. However, more lactic acid was detected at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $30^{\circ}C$. Total free amino acid was highest at $30^{\circ}C$, with TN at $8,605{\mu}g/ml$, AK at $6,083{\mu}g/ml$, and RJ at $2,381{\mu}g/ml$. Total free amino acid and essential amino acid was shown to be higher at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. The bioactive substance ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid was also higher at $30^{\circ}C$, with TN at $223{\mu}g/ml$. From all of these results, we surmise that brown rice makgeolli manufacturing conditions are optimal at $30^{\circ}C$ fermentation temperatures and using the nuruk TN for brewing vinegar. In addition, the nuruk used clearly affects the quality of brown rice makgeolli and an appropriate method to determine the best nuruk for various purposes should be pursued.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Forty-eight Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin male intact lambs ($23.87{\pm}2.84$ kg) were used in an 84-d feeding trial, with six pens per treatment in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design arrangement. The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of two dietary energy levels (3.05 and 2.83 Mcal/kg ME) and two dietary protein levels (17.5% and 14.5%) on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass traits. The dietary treatments used were: i) High protein-high energy (HP-HE); ii) High protein-low energy (HP-LE); iii) Low protein-high energy (LP-HE), and iv) Low protein-low energy (LP-LE). With a high-energy level, dry matter intake (DMI) values were 6.1% lower in the low-protein diets, while with low-energy, the DMI values did not differ between the dietary protein levels. Energy levels did not influence the final weight and average daily gain (ADG), but resulted in lower DMI values and higher gain efficiencies. No effects of protein level were detected on growth performance. The observed dietary net energy (NE) ratio and observed DMI were closer than expected in all treatments and were not affected by the different treatments. There was an interaction (p<0.03) between energy and protein level for kidney-pelvic and heart fat (KPH), KPH was higher in lambs fed high energy and high protein diet but not in high energy and low protein diet. The KPH was increased (20.2%, p = 0.01) in high-energy diets, while fat thickness was increased (21.7%, p = 0.02) in high-protein diets. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary energy levels play a more important role in feed efficiency than protein levels in finishing lambs with a high-energy diet (>2.80 Mcal/kg ME). Providing a level of protein above 14.5% does not improves growth-performance, dietary energetics or carcass dressing percentage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2020

This study was carried out to potentially improve the quality of traditional Korean fermented liquor using different concentrations of the root, stem, and fruit of Acanthopanax chiisanensis to simultaneously develop this local product and promote its consumption. The fermented liquor used for this study was matured at 5~10℃ for a period of 60 days, and its pH was in the range of 3.6±0.3~3.9 in thReduction of the liquor's sugar content decreased slightly while total acids increased slowly during the maturation. The organic acids in order of prevalence measured in the A. chiisanensis liquor were lactic, formic, malic, tartaric, and acetic, and free sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and mannose were detected, glucose content being highest across all the test groups. The total free amino acids in liquors with 10% root, stem, or fruit were 1,858.9, 2,855.1 and 2,672.2 mg/l, respectively. In examining the saturation of the matured liquor, that which had been fermented using the root and stem showed similar L, a and b values and was of comparable color. The fruit liquor was very red, with a low L value and high a value. The results obtained in this study are a meaningful contribution to local product development and promotion of their consumption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

Albumin-modification has been viewed as one of the most effective ways of extending the short in vivo lifetimes of peptide drugs by delaying glomerular filtration. In this study, we describe a new type 2 anti-diabetic exendin-4 (Ex4) peptide derivative with significant binding ability to human serum albumin (HSA). This exendin-4 derivative consists of a 4-branched polyethylene glycol $(PEG)_{5k}$ (Mw: 20 kDa) modified with three stearylamines ($C_{18}-NH_2$) and one exendin-4 on its branches. PEG and stearylamine were selected to provide functionality to increase molecular size and bind to albumin, respectively. This derivative ($3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4) was shown to have larger molecular size (Ca. 152 kDa) than actual (25.0 kDa) when subjected to size-exclusion chromatography, and the fluorescein-tagged $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 displayed significant binding to the HSA-immobilized Sepharose CL-4B resin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 was found to have acceptable anti-hyperglycemic efficacy via three consecutive oral glucose tolerance testings (OGTT) in fasted type 2 diabetic db/db mice. The $HD_{total}$ value ($57.6{\pm}12.3%$) of $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 at a 50 nmol/kg dose was 2-fold greater than that ($31.0{\pm}8.7%$) of native exendin-4 in non-fasted db/db mice. Especially, the blood glucose levels in the mice group treated with $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 did not rebound to ~150 mg/dL until 24 h after the injection, which obviously shows the extended hypoglycemia. We believe that this derivative has great pharmaceutical potential as a novel long-acting type 2 anti-diabetic injection treatment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.341-347
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of U-Granule formulation of molinate(S-ethylhexaphdro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) mixtures in green house and paddy field, Five minutes were taken for U-Granule to spread out 7m in irrigated water of direct seeded on flooded paddy surface. The concentration of active ingredient of molinate in molinate U-Granule application was similar to molinate+simetryn U-Granule application. But weeding effect of molinate+simetryn U-Granule on Echinochlor crus-galli was 23% higher Than single application of molinate at 7m from application point. Bioefficacy of molinate+simetryn+imazosulfuron U-Granule on control of Echinochloa crus-galli was higher than that of molinzte+imazosulfuton U-Granule, but those effect on Eleochairs kuroguwai was not significantly different. Only slight rice phytotoxicity was observed at 5m and 2m from application point of U-Granule molinate+simetryn+imazosulfuron and molinate+imazosulfuron, respectively. So it is concluded that there is little phytotoxicity problem in practical application of U-Granule of molinate mixtures.