• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 1991

This paper reveals the effect of the effective case depth(ECD) on the fatigue behavior of a high-frequency induction hardened SM45C in rotated bending fatigue test. In addition, the effects of fracture modes(surface origin type, inner origin type) on it are discussed. The fatigue limit of the induction hardened steel is remarkably increased compared with that of base metal. In addition, the fatigue limit is linearly increased as the effective casedepth grows deep in the region of this experiment (ECD/R;0.23-0.49). The S-N curve and fracture mode in the induction case hardened steel are classified into two kinds, as a result : N$_{f}$<10$^{5}$ ;surface origin type fracture(at high stress), N$_{f}$>10$^{5}$ ; in ner origin type fracture(at low stress). In case of inner origin type fracture; as the effective case depth(ECD) gets deep, the fatigue limit is increased by the reason that the fracture origin moves toward center; in reverse, is decreased by reason that the compressive residual stress gets low. As a result, the increasing effect of the former is much bigger than the decreasing effect of the latter, and the fatigue limit is increased as the ECD gets deep.eep.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.25-37
• /
• 1985

Four points on the basal body temperature (B.B.T.) curve was correlated with the estimated time of ovulation, as determined by serial ultrasound in 50 induced menstrual cycles from 22 subjects. The time of ovulation was estimated by measuring the maximal diameter of follicles and observing the morphologic changes within the ovary from follicle to corpus luteum. The results were as following; 1. The diameter of the follicle measured at the day before disappearance was 21.1 mm on an average (S.D.: 2.14). The average follicular growth for 4 days before ovulation was measured at a rate of 2.8 mm/day, and rapid growth of follicle was observed 3.1 mm/day at the day before. 2. The changes associated with rupture of the follicles were the followings, in order of frequency; decrease in size(94%), disappearance of follicles(64%), fluid in the Cul-de-Sac(26%) and increased internal echoes(16%). 3. Only 20 of 50 cycles, exhibited a BBT dip and correlated with the estimated time of ovulation by ultrasound in 2 of which cases(10%). BBT nadir, 30 of 50 cycles, correlated in 5(16.7%). The first day of hyperthermic plateau(FDHP) and BBT coverline was exhibited in all cycles, correlated in 41(82%) and 35(70%) cases. 4. The relationship between the diameter of dominant dominant follicle, measured by ultrasound, and the basal body temperature curve were as following. During cycles in which dip was observed on the BBT curve, the follicular diameter were 10.5${\pm}$2.12 mm on 4 days prior to the point (D-4), and 12.5${\pm}$2.12 mm (D-3), 15.5${\pm$2.12 mm (D-2), 17.0${\pm}$1.41 mm (D-1) and 21.5${\pm}$2.12 mm just prior to the dip (D-0). In the nadir; 9.6${\pm}$1.67 mm (N-4), 12.8${\pm}$1.79 mm (N-3), 16.2${\pm}$1.92 mm (N-2), 18.2${\pm}$2.17 mm (N-1) and 21.4${\pm}$2.61 mm (N-0). In the First day of Hyperthemic Plateau (FDHP); 9.8${\pm}$1.36 mm (F-4), 12.4${\pm}$1.41 mm (F-3),15.1${\pm}$1.57 mm (F-2), 18.1${\pm}$1.67 mm (F-1) and 21.2${\pm}$2.25 mm (F-0). In the BBT coverline endopint; 9.9${\pm}$.39 mm (C-4), 12.5 ${\pm}$1.44 mm (C-3), 15.2${\pm}$1.64 mm (C-2), 18.0 ${\pm}$1.69 mm (C-1), and 21.2${\pm}$2.31 mm (C-0). 5. The relationship between the ultrasonographic signs of ovulation and the basal body temperature curve were as following. The BBT dip correlated with the ovulation in 2 cases, which revealed decrease in follicular diameter (100%), fluid pattem in the Cul-de-Sac (1 case, 50%) and complete disappearance of follicle (1 case, 50%). In the nadir (5 cases); the ultrasonographic signs of ovulation were decrease in follicular diameter (5 cases, 100%), fluid pattern in the Cul-de-Sac (1 case, 20%) and complete disappearance of follicle (3 cases, 60%). In the First day of Hyperthermic Plateau (41 cases); decrease in follicular diameter (40 cases, 97.6%), fluid pattern in the Cul-de-Sac (11 cases, 26.8%), appearance of internal echo and thickening of the wall (6 cases, 14.6%) and com plete disappearance of follicle (28 cases, 68.3%). In the BBT coverline endpoint (35 cases); decrease in follicular diameter (33 cases, 94.3%), fluid pattern in the Cul-de Sac (9 cases, 25.7%), appearance of internal echo and thickening of the wall (5 cases 14.3%) and complete disappearance of follicle (20 cases, 57.1%).

• 해양환경안전학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.145-154
• /
• 2013

유류를 포함한 위험 유해물질(Hazardous and Noxious Substances : HNS, 이하 HNS)의 물동량이 증가하는 추세에 있음에도 불구하고 우리나라에서는 HNS 해상운송 중에 일어난 사고의 분석과 위험에 관한 연구가 미진하다. HNS는 형태와 종류가 다양하고, 사고발생 시 피해가 심각하게 나타나기 때문에 사고에 대한 위험도 분석과 저감방안 모색이 필요하다. 본 연구는 ETA를 통해 국내에서 발생하고 있는 HNS 해상운송사고의 전개과정을 분석하여 사고유형과 특징을 고찰하고, 시나리오별 확률과 인명피해를 산출하여 F-N curve로 표현함으로써 위험도를 평가한다. 또한 Risk Matrix를 이용하여 고위험군 시나리오를 선정하여 국내에 적용 가능한 현실적인 사고 저감방안을 모색한다. 연구의 결과는 충돌사고의 발생확률이 가장 높은 반면 인명위험도는 발생확률이 낮은 질식, 침몰, 폭발의 사고유형이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 인명피해를 줄이기 위해서는 기본적으로 선내에서 안전수칙 및 작업절차를 준수하는 것으로도 효과를 얻을 수 있다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.87-95
• /
• 1983

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 정수처리과정(淨水處理過程)에서 생성(生成)되는 trihalomethane을 제거(除去)하는 방법(方法)으로 활성탄(活性炭)으로 충전(充塡)된 고정층(固定層)에 의한 흡착(吸着)에 관하여 이론적(理論的)인 간단한 모형(模型)을 제시하고 모형(模型)의 simulation을 통하여 얻은 결과(結果)와 고정층(固定層) 흡착실험(吸着實驗)을 통해서 얻은 결과(結果)를 비교(比較), 분석(分析)하였다. 고정층흡착모형(固定層吸着模型)의 simulation 결과(結果)로 흡착효과(吸着効果)에 큰 영향을 미치는 인자(因子)인 물질전달계수(物質傳達係數) K와 Freundlich의 흡착계수(吸着係數)인 $K_F$와 n의 변화(變化)에 따른 전체적인 효율변화(効率變化)를 산정(算定)하였다. 처리효율(處理効率)은 K와 $K_F$가 증가할수록 그리고 n이 감소할수록 유리(有利)한 것으로 나타났다. 실험결과(實驗結果)로부터 얻은 breakthrough curve는 전형적(典型的)인 S자형(字形)으로 나타났으며 break point를 $100{\mu}g/l$로 정할 경우 활성탄(活性炭) 단위무게당(當) 흡착량(吸着量)은 6.3mg/g으로 등온흡착실험(等溫吸着實驗)에서 얻은 결과(結果)보다 훨씬 높았다. 또한 $5^{\circ}C$정도(程度)의 수온차이(水溫差異)는 처리효율(處理効率)에 뚜렷한 영향을 끼치지 못했다. 고정층운전결과(固定層運轉結果)와 잘 부합되는 simulation으로부터 얻은 $K_F$와 n은 등온흡착실험(等溫吸着實驗)에서 얻은 값과 약간의 차이를 나타냈다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제36권6호
• /
• pp.541-549
• /
• 2008

피로해석은 반복하중 하에서의 항공우주 구조물에 대한 구조적 파괴를 예방하기 위해 수행된다. 본 논문에서는 틸트로터형 무인 항공기에 대하여 피로수명에 대한 평가를 하였다. 먼저 틸트로터형 무인항공기의 기동에 맞는 하중 스펙트럼을 생성해 내었으며, F.C.L. 부품중 하나인 플랩퍼론 연결부위에 대하여 피로해석을 수행 하였다. 틸트로터형 무인항공기는 크게 두 가지 기동 형태로 나눌 수 있는데, 이 착륙시의 헬리콥터 형태와 순항시의 고정익 형태가 되겠다. 전체적인 피로하중 스펙트럼을 만들기 위해서 헬리콥터 형태에는 FELIX를, 고정익 형태에서는 TWIST를 사용하였다. 한편으로는, S-N 실험점이 해석에 사용될 때 재료수명의 전 영역에 대한 S-N 회귀식을 얻기 위하여 크리깅 메타 모델이 사용되었다. 그리고 최소 자승법을 이용한 이차 회귀식에 대한 S-N 커브 역시 생성하였다. 더욱이 이 커브들이 갖고 있는 정확도를 측정하기 위하여 결정 계수법을 사용하였다. 마지막으로는 플랩퍼론 연결 부위에 대한 피로수명 결과를 MSC. Fatigue와 비교하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.217-224
• /
• 2010

The purity methods to determine LOD/LOQ using standard deviation of the residual, intercept and blank by IUPAC and ACS describe many of the pitfalls and pose significant challenges to analytical chemists. Therefore, the aim of this study is the development of the simple, easy, convenient and statistically significant method to determine LOD in quantitative analysis of organic solvents by GC. The new approaching method by linearization in the given concentration range used coefficient of variation ; ${\sigma}_{n-1}$/S(standard deviation, ${\sigma}_{n-1}$ and average, S) of sensitivity(Response/concentration). The comparison of results among the purity methods(IUPAC and ACS) and the linearization have been fulfilled the F-test for standard deviations and t-test for LOD range values. The results of F-test and t-test are satisfied within 95 % confidence level, respectably. The LOD values determined by the new procedure are n-Hexane 0.0116 mg/$m^3$, Toluene 0.0807 mg/$m^3$, and o-Xylene 0.0494 mg/$m^3$. Because the standard deviation of the residual, intercept and blank and the slope of calibration curve are not calculated and the new approaching method use the coefficient of variation of sensitivity by linearization, this new method is simple, easy, convenient and statistically significant. In future, many chemical analysts will expect to applicate and routinely use this method in the all quantitative analysis.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.4296-4311
• /
• 1977

This study was conducted to derive an Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph for the accurate and reliable unitgraph which can be used to the estimation and control of flood for the development of agricultural water resources and rational design of hydraulic structures. Eight small watersheds were selected as studying basins from Han, Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan and Inchon River systems which may be considered as a main river systems in Korea. The area of small watersheds are within the range of 85 to 470$\textrm{km}^2$. It is to derive an accurate Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph under the condition of having a short duration of heavy rain and uniform rainfall intensity with the basic and reliable data of rainfall records, pluviographs, records of river stages and of the main river systems mentioned above. Investigation was carried out for the relations between measurable unitgraph and watershed characteristics such as watershed area, A, river length L, and centroid distance of the watershed area, Lca. Especially, this study laid emphasis on the derivation and application of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) by applying Nash's conceptual model and by using an electronic computer. I U H by Nash's conceptual model and I U H by flood routing which can be applied to the ungaged small watersheds were derived and compared with each other to the observed unitgraph. 1 U H for each small watersheds can be solved by using an electronic computer. The results summarized for these studies are as follows; 1. Distribution of uniform rainfall intensity appears in the analysis for the temporal rainfall pattern of selected heavy rainfall event. 2. Mean value of recession constants, Kl, is 0.931 in all watersheds observed. 3. Time to peak discharge, Tp, occurs at the position of 0.02 Tb, base length of hlrdrograph with an indication of lower value than that in larger watersheds. 4. Peak discharge, Qp, in relation to the watershed area, A, and effective rainfall, R, is found to be {{{{ { Q}_{ p} = { 0.895} over { { A}^{0.145 } } }}}} AR having high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.927, between peak discharge, Qp, and effective rainfall, R. Design chart for the peak discharge (refer to Fig. 15) with watershed area and effective rainfall was established by the author. 5. The mean slopes of main streams within the range of 1.46 meters per kilometer to 13.6 meter per kilometer. These indicate higher slopes in the small watersheds than those in larger watersheds. Lengths of main streams are within the range of 9.4 kilometer to 41.75 kilometer, which can be regarded as a short distance. It is remarkable thing that the time of flood concentration was more rapid in the small watersheds than that in the other larger watersheds. 6. Length of main stream, L, in relation to the watershed area, A, is found to be L=2.044A0.48 having a high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.968. 7. Watershed lag, Lg, in hrs in relation to the watershed area, A, and length of main stream, L, was derived as Lg=3.228 A0.904 L-1.293 with a high significance. On the other hand, It was found that watershed lag, Lg, could also be expressed as {{{{Lg=0.247 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{ 0.604} }}}} in connection with the product of main stream length and the centroid length of the basin of the watershed area, LLca which could be expressed as a measure of the shape and the size of the watershed with the slopes except watershed area, A. But the latter showed a lower correlation than that of the former in the significance test. Therefore, it can be concluded that watershed lag, Lg, is more closely related with the such watersheds characteristics as watershed area and length of main stream in the small watersheds. Empirical formula for the peak discharge per unit area, qp, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was derived as qp=10-0.389-0.0424Lg with a high significance, r=0.91. This indicates that the peak discharge per unit area of the unitgraph is in inverse proportion to the watershed lag time. 8. The base length of the unitgraph, Tb, in connection with the watershed lag, Lg, was extra.essed as {{{{ { T}_{ b} =1.14+0.564( { Lg} over {24 } )}}}} which has defined with a high significance. 9. For the derivation of IUH by applying linear conceptual model, the storage constant, K, with the length of main stream, L, and slopes, S, was adopted as {{{{K=0.1197( {L } over { SQRT {S } } )}}}} with a highly significant correlation coefficient, 0.90. Gamma function argument, N, derived with such watershed characteristics as watershed area, A, river length, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S, was found to be N=49.2 A1.481L-2.202 Lca-1.297 S-0.112 with a high significance having the F value, 4.83, through analysis of variance. 10. According to the linear conceptual model, Formular established in relation to the time distribution, Peak discharge and time to peak discharge for instantaneous Unit Hydrograph when unit effective rainfall of unitgraph and dimension of watershed area are applied as 10mm, and $\textrm{km}^2$ respectively are as follows; Time distribution of IUH {{{{u(0, t)= { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-t/k } { (t.K)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Peak discharge of IUH {{{{ {u(0, t) }_{max } = { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Time to peak discharge of IUH tp=(N-1)K (hrs) 11. Through mathematical analysis in the recession curve of Hydrograph, It was confirmed that empirical formula of Gamma function argument, N, had connection with recession constant, Kl, peak discharge, QP, and time to peak discharge, tp, as {{{{{ K'} over { { t}_{ p} } = { 1} over {N-1 } - { ln { t} over { { t}_{p } } } over {ln { Q} over { { Q}_{p } } } }}}} where {{{{K'= { 1} over { { lnK}_{1 } } }}}} 12. Linking the two, empirical formulars for storage constant, K, and Gamma function argument, N, into closer relations with each other, derivation of unit hydrograph for the ungaged small watersheds can be established by having formulars for the time distribution and peak discharge of IUH as follows. Time distribution of IUH u(0, t)=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N, K, t) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N, K, t)= { { e}^{-t/k } { (t/K)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} Peak discharge of IUH) u(0, t)max=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N)= { { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} 13. The base length of the Time-Area Diagram for the IUH was given by {{{{C=0.778 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{0.423 } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.85, which has an indication of the relations to the length of main stream, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S. 14. Relative errors in the peak discharge of the IUH by using linear conceptual model and IUH by routing showed to be 2.5 and 16.9 percent respectively to the peak of observed unitgraph. Therefore, it confirmed that the accuracy of IUH using linear conceptual model was approaching more closely to the observed unitgraph than that of the flood routing in the small watersheds.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2019

Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) allows early and accurate diagnosis in suspected cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to future treatment plans. In the present study, a method of implementing a diagnostic system to distinguish ${\beta}$-Amyloid ($A{\beta}$) positive from $A{\beta}$ negative with objectiveness and accuracy was proposed using a machine learning approach, such as the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). $^{18}F$-Florbetaben (FBB) brain PET images were arranged in control and patients (total n = 176) with mild cognitive impairment and AD. An SVM was used to classify the slices of registered PET image using PET template, and a system was created to diagnose patients comprehensively from the output of the trained model. To compare the per-slice classification, the PCA-SVM model observing the whole brain (WB) region showed the highest performance (accuracy 92.38, specificity 92.87, sensitivity 92.87), followed by SVM with gray matter masking (GMM) (accuracy 92.22, specificity 92.13, sensitivity 92.28) for $A{\beta}$ positivity. To compare according to per-subject classification, the PCA-SVM with WB also showed the highest performance (accuracy 89.21, specificity 71.67, sensitivity 98.28), followed by PCA-SVM with GMM (accuracy 85.80, specificity 61.67, sensitivity 98.28) for $A{\beta}$ positivity. When comparing the area under curve (AUC), PCA-SVM with WB was the highest for per-slice classifiers (0.992), and the models except for SVM with WM were highest for the per-subject classifier (1.000). We can classify $^{18}F$-Florbetaben amyloid brain PET image for $A{\beta}$ positivity using PCA-SVM model, with no additional effects on GMM.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제21권11호
• /
• pp.1965-1971
• /
• 1997

The relaxation of stress concentration in notched members can be very significant in the improvement of notched strength and fatigue life. This paper investigated the relationship of stress concentration factor, and notched strength and fatigue life. The stress concentration factors were analyzed by FEM. Uniaxial tensile and fatigue tests were carried on plain woven composite specimens which have a main hole and two defence holes. From experimental results, the notched strength and the fatigue limit increased up to about 50% and 30% respectively due to the reduction in stress concentration. The fatigue lives predicted by Juvinall's approach were underestimated than test results and this trends were remarkable as nothed strength increased. This is because of the underestimation of a coefficient. A in S-N curve (.sigma.$_{ar}$ =A $N_{f}$ $^{B}$). Therefore, considering notched strength the coefficient A was modified. The fatigue lives by this process were agreed well with the experimental results.sults.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.333-348
• /
• 2017

Inspections of ancient metallic bridges have illustrated fatigue cracking in riveted connections. This paper presents a comparison between two alternative finite element (FE) models proposed to predict the fatigue strength of a single shear and single rivet connection. The first model is based on solid finite elements as well as on contact elements, to simulate contact between the components of the connection. The second model is built using shell finite elements in order to model the plates of the riveted connection. Fatigue life predictions are carried out for the shear splice, integrating both crack initiation and crack propagation lives, resulting from the two alternative FE models. Global fatigue results, taking into account several clamping stresses on rivet, are compared with available experimental results. Proposed comparisons between predictions and experimental data illustrated that the proposed two-stage model yields consistent results.