• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 1993

유지의 자동산화과정중의 ${\alpha}-$, ${\gamma}-Tocopherol$과 ${\gamma}-tocotrienol$에 대한 주요 산화생성물로 quinone이 확인되었으며, 미량의 dimer 혹은 trimer로 추정되는 성분이 검출되었다. 생성된 quinone은 micro column을 사용하여 분취한 후 np-와 rp-HPLC로 분석하였고 MS로 동정하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.773-785
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• 2006

Vitamin E in the body system plays an important role in preventing chronic diseases by decreasing the oxidative stress by free-radicals. However, there are not enough researches on analyzing the primary factors affecting vitamin E levels in the blood in Korean adults. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine blood tocopherol levels and the primary factors affecting the status. A complete lifestyle survey was performed on 314 Korean adult men and surveyed their smoking, drinking and exercising habits. The average plasma level of ${\alpha}-\;and\;{\gamma}-tocopherol$ showed similar mutual relations with plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), or low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (p<0.001). Plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level of the subjects did not show any difference as smoking, drinking and exercising habits changed. However, ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ per TG showed much lower figure in smokers than non smokers (p < 0.05). Amongst diet factors, plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level showed negative correlations with Vitamin E intake, while ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ level showed positive correlations with Vitamin E intake. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and plasma tocopherol showed negative correlations, and catalase activity and plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ showed positive correlationship. The level of cell DNA damage of Iymphocyte and plasma ${\alpha}-\;or\;{\gamma}-tocopherol$ showed negative correlations. As a result of this research, the factors that affect Korean adult men's plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level are plasma TG, LDL-C and cell DNA damage in Iymphocyte, while the factors that affect ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ level are plasma TG, LDL-C and vitamin E intake based on multiple regression analysis. These findings implies that the level of different types of tocopherol depends on slightly different factors. A further research is needed on the factors involved in the differentiation of the types of tocopherol.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.279-283
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• 2001

The content and composition of tocopherol were analyzed in peanuts produced in Korea. The tocopherol assay was consisted of an extraction with n-hex-ane:isopropanol mixture followed by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Tocopherol content was higher in leaves and seeds but lower in seed coats and shells. $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$- Tocopherol ratio was as low as 0.53 in seeds and as high as 22.5 in shells. Tocopherol content in seeds of nine varieties ranged from 142 to 220 ng/mg dry weight, and the $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$-tocopherol ratio from 0.40 to 0.75. Tocopherol content decreased by 18% but $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$-tocopherol ratio increased by 44% in roasted seeds. The results indicate that the level of tocopherol in Korean peanut varieties is moderate and the ratio of $\alpha$- to ${\gamma}$-tocopherol is low.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2001

We investigated the effect of physical exercise on the intakes and plasma levels of vitamin C and E in young male adults. The study population were divided into two groups: small-amount exercisers($\leq$ 30min/day, n=29) and moderate-amount exercisers(> 30min/day, n=32) according to their physical exercise habits measured by a questionnaire. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and E of the subjects were estimated by the 24 hour recall method. Plasma lipid profiles, vitamin C, $\alpha$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol levels were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C of plasma between two groups. Plasma vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol levels in moderate-amount exercisers were significantly higher than those in small-amount exercisers, although dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin E were not significantly different between two groups. However, plasma ${\gamma}$-tocopherol level of moderate-amount exercisers did not significantly differ from small-amount exercisers. There was a positive correlation between the amount of exercise and plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol level. These results suggest that moderate amount of exercise over 30 min per day would lead to a healthy life with an activated antioxidant defence system against oxidative stress.(Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 306~312, 2001)

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2005

A cDNA encoding ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ methyltransferase (${\gamma}-TMT$) from Arabidopsis thaliana was overexpressed in lettuce (Latuca sativa L.) to improve the tocopherol composition. Seven lines of lettuce ($T_0$) containing the ${\gamma}-TMT$ transgene were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The inheritance and expression of the transgene were confirmed by DNA and RNA gel blot analyses as well as quantification of tocopherols and ${\gamma}-TMT$ activities. The ratio of ${\alpha}-/{\gamma}-tocopherol$ content (TR) varied from 0.6 to 1.2 in non-transformed plants, while the $T_0$ plants had ratios of 0.8 to 320. The ratio ranged from 0.4 to 544 in 41 $T_1$ progenies of the $T_0$ transgenic line gTM3, and the phenotypic segregation indicated monogenic inheritance of the transgene (i.e., 3:1 = dominant:wild-type classes). There was a tight relationship between the TR phenotype and ${\gamma}-TMT$ activity, and enzyme activities were affected by the copy number and transcript levels of the transgene. The TR phenotype was stably expressed in $T_2$ progenies of $T_1$ plants. The results from this study indicated that a stable inheritance and expression of Arabidopsis ${\gamma}-TMT$ transgene in lettuce results in a higher enzyme activity and the conversion of the ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ pool to ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ in transgenic lettuce.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2005

초임계 유체를 이용하여 참기름을 생산하기 위한 기초연구로 참깨에 존재하는 천연항산화제인 $\gamma$-토코페롤을 고함유한 참기름에 대해 연구하였다. $\gamma$-토코페롤은 $\alpha$-토코페롤에 비해 비타민 E 효력은 약하긴 하나, 참깨의 리그난과 길항적으로 작용하면 생체내 잔존율이 높아져 $\alpha$-토코페롤처럼 과산화지질 생성을 억제한다고 한다. 참깨의 볶음온도와 시간, 초임계 유체의 압력과 온도 그리고 초임계 유체의 유속 변화 시 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 함량에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. 그 볶음 온도 변화 시 $200^{\circ}C$ 이후 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 거의 일정하게 유지되었고, $200^{\circ}C$에서 배전시간을 증가함으로써 약 1.13배 정도 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 증가되었다. 초임계 유체 추출 시 250 bar를 제외한 압력변화에 의해 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도는 거의 변화하지 않았다. 그러나 같은 온도에서 초임계 유체의 유속을 $1{\~}3 m{\ell}/L$로 변화시킴에 의해 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 1.1배${\~}$1.5배 증가되었는데, 이는 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 이 추출 메카니즘이 탈착보다는 확산에 의해 이뤄짐을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 기존 압출추출방법과 초임계 추출 방법을 비교한 결과 $\gamma$-토코페롤의 농도가 1.3${\~}$1.6배 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.526-532
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• 2009

Quenching mechanisms and kinetics of $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$-, and $\delta$-tocopherol in photosensitized oxidation of lard were studied. Lard at 0.03, 0.07, 0.11, and 0.3 M in methylene chloride containing $4.4{\times}10^{-6}\;M$ chlorophyll and 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mM $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$-, and $\delta$-tocopherol were stored under light for 4 hr, respectively. Oxidation was determined by headspace oxygen and peroxide value. Tocopherols prevented the photosensitized oxidation of lard (p<0.05). Steady state kinetic study showed that $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$-, and $\delta$-tocopherol prevented the photosensitized oxidation of lard by quenching singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen quenching rates of $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$-, and $\delta$-tocopherol by headspace oxygen depletion were 1.86, 2.39, 2.47, and $2.11{\times}10^7/M/sec$, respectively. The quenching rates of $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$-, and $\delta$-tocopherol by peroxide value were 1.42, 1.11, 0.97, and $0.42{\times}10^7/M/sec$, respectively. The quenching rates of tocopherols were slightly different depending on the measurements of oxidation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.304-314
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• 2010

Vitamin E has been a generic term for all tocopherol and tocotrienol derivatives. The most active form of vitamin E isoforms in vivo is regarded to be $\alpha$-tocopherol which is the only form defined as vitamin E in the US Food and Nutrition Board, causing controversy over setting dietary reference intake (DRI) of vitamin E. However, most of the countries other than the US maintain the original concept that all isoforms are accepted as vitamin E but with different biopotency. The roles of the isoforms of vitamin E other than $\alpha$-tocopherol have received continuous attention. Among them those of $\gamma$-tocopherol and $\alpha$-tocotrienol have been most studied in comparison with $\alpha$-tocopherol, since $\gamma$-tocopherol comprises major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and those of the both vitamin E have been implicated in unique physiological functions. This review summarizes findings that have led a better understanding of vitamin E absorption, transport, tissue storage and various functions common and specific to vitamin E isoforms focusing $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherol as well as tocotrienols. It is expected to help redefining vitamin E and setting its DRI for Koreans.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2002

${\gamma}-Tocopherol$ methyltransferase(TMT)는 토코페롤 생합성 대사의 마지막 단계인 감마 토코페롤을 알파 토코페롤로 변환하는데 관여하는 효소이다. 들깨의 미성숙 종자 cDNA유전자 은행에서 TMT로 추정되는 유전자를 분리하였으며 이 유전자는 1369개의 염기와 367개의 아미노산으로 구성되었으며 분자량은 약 42kDa의 추정된다. 이 cDNA는 Genbank와 상동성 분석결과 애기장대의 TMT유전자와 아미노산 수준에서 60% 정도의 상동성을 가지고 있으며 methyltransferase domain과 S-adenosyl methionine binding domain을 가지고 있으므로 TMT 유전자로 추정했다. 이 유전자의 특성을 알기 위하여 완전한 크기를 가지는 TMT유전자를 대장균에서 발현하고 invitro에서 효소의 활성을 측정하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2008

가열 조리된 냉장 돼지고기 패티에 사용된 상업용 유통 ${\gamma}$-oryzanol과 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항산화 효과가 돼지고기 육질 내의 지질 산화로부터 기인되는 warmed-over flavor(WOF) 값과 콜레스테롤 산화로부터 기인되는 이차 산화물인 7-ketocholesterol의 생성 추이 변화로 비교 분석되었다. 지질산화로부터 측정된 파라미터는 이화학 데이터인 TBARs 값과 관능 데이터인 WOF 값에 의해 비교 분석되었으며, 콜레스테롤 산화로부터 유래된 측정 파라미터는 산화 유도기간에 따른 가열 조리된 돼지고기의 콜레스테롤 함량 변화 정도와 주요 콜레스테롤 산화물인 7-ketocholesterol 생성 정도에 의해 비교 분석 되었다. 콜레스테롤과 롤레스테롤 산화물은 cold saponification 추출 기법과 고속액체크로마토그래프 (HPLC) 테크닉을 이용하여 정량적으로 분석되었다. 아울러, 측정된 각 파라미터 변수들 간의 통계적 상관관계가 검토되었으며, 가열 조리된 돼지고기 패티의 산화로부터 기인되는 이차 산화물에 대한 ${\gamma}$-oryzanol과 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화력이 비교 분석되었다. 분석 결과 모든 파라미터 변수들은 서로 간에 유의적인 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 특히, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol처리 군에서 유의적인 지질 및 콜레스테롤 항 산화 효과를 보였다.