• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.199-209
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between life stress and depression, and the effect of social support in postpartal $4{\sim}6$ week women. Theoretically social support is thought to mediate the relationship between life stress and depression. Data were collected from June 1 to July 30, 1999. The data were analysed by use of SPSS. Two hypotheses were tested using Gamma, a measure of association for ordinal variables. Partial gamma was used to test the third hypothesis. Patterns of elaboration described by Babbie(1986) were selected to interpret the relationship of the three variables in the analyses. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; There was a positive relationship between life stress and depression (Gamma=.45, P=.017), and an inverse relationship between social support and depression (Gamma=-.49, P=.009). Thus the first, two hypotheses were supported. 2. When social support was controlled, the relationship between life stress and depression increased under the condition of low social support, but with high social support, the relationship decreased. It can be interpreted that life stresses are positively related to depression under the condition of low social support, however this relationship cannot be expected with high social support.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.389-394
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to examine the relationship between life stress and depression, and the effect of social support of 100 Koreans living in the Phillippines. Theoretically social support is considered to mediate the relationship between lift stress and depression. Method: Data were collected from April 1 to May 30, 2002 and analysed using SAS. The first, two hypotheses were tested using Gamma, a measure of association for ordinal variables. Partial gamma was used to test the third hypothesis. Patterns of elaboration described by Babbie(1986) were selected to interpret the relationship of the three variables in the analysis. Results: 1) There was a positive relationship between life stress and depression(Gamma=.45, p=.017), and a inverse relationship between social support and depression(Gamma=-.561, p=.002). Thus the first, two hypotheses were supported. 2) When social support was controlled, the relationship between life stress and depression increased under the condition of low social support but with high social support, the relationship decreased. Conclusion: It can be interpreted that life stress is positively related to depression under the condition of low social support, however this relationship may be reversed with high social support.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationships between job stress or social support and job satisfaction, and the function of social support, theoretically considered to mediate the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Methods: After obtaining informed consent from participants, data were collected from 122 taxi drivers. Gamma was used for testing of the first and second hypotheses. Partial Gamma was used to test the third hypothesis. Patterns of elaboration described by Babbie (1986) were selected for interpretation of the relationship among the three variable analyses. Results: First, a negative relationship was observed between job stress and job satisfaction (Gamma=-.543, p=.001) and a positive relationship was observed between social support and job satisfaction (Gamma=.741, p<.001). Second, when controlling for social support, the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction showed a decrease under conditions of both low and high social support. As for the mediating effect of social support, job stress was found to affect social support and social support was found to affect job satisfaction. Conclusion: The results showed that social support had a mediating effect between job stress and job satisfaction. Therefore, development and implementation of appropriate social support interventions is needed in order to reduce job stress and promote job satisfaction.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.543-548
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• 1988

1∼5wt%의 구리가 얹혀진 ${\gamma}$-알루미나 또는 티타니아에서 금속-지지체 상호작용을 승온환원과 상자성 공명으로 연구하였다. $500^{\circ}C에서 시료를 산소로 처리했을 때 티타니아계에서는 구리 함량이 증가함에 따라 고온쪽으로 승온환원 피이크가 증가했으나 알루미나 계에서는 저온쪽의 승온 환원 피이크가 커졌다. $300^{\circ}C 처리 경우에는 알루미나계에서는 $300^{\circ}C에서 티타니아계는 120 과 $300^{\circ}C에서 각각 환원피이크를 보여주었다. ${\gamma}$-알루미나에서는 $Cu^{2+}$의 전형적인 상자성 신호가 나타났으나 티타니아에서는 넓고 작은 신호만 관찰되었다. 이들 결과들로부터 금속-지지체 상호작용은 실리카 < 티타니아 < ${\gamma}$-알루미나의 순으로 커지며 산화구리는 지지체에 따라 서로 다른 담지특성을 가짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.161-173
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develope and test the structural model for quality of life in women having hysterectomies. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of previous studies and a review of literature. The conceptual framework was built around eight constructs. Exogenous variables included in this model were marital intimacy, importance of uterus, professional support, positive coping behavior and pre-operative symptoms. Endogenous variables were spouse's support, sense of loss and quality of life. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected using a self-report questionnare from 203 women having hysterectomies at the outpatient clinics of four general hospitals and a mail survey in Pusan City. The Data was collected from December, 1997 to January, 1998. Reliability of the eight instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from 0.639-0.915. For the data analysis, SPSS 7.5 WIN Program and LISREL 8.12 WIN Program were used for descriptive statistics and covariance structural analysis. The results of covariance structure analysis were as follows : 1. Hypothetical model showed a good fit with the empirical data. ［$\chi$$^2$＝6.93(df＝5, P＝.23), GFI＝.99, AGFI＝.94, RMSR＝.019, NNFI＝.97, NFI＝.98, CN＝440, standardized residuals(-2.14-2.10)］ 2. For the parsimony of model, a modified model was constructed by deleting 3 paths and adding 1 path according to the criteria of statistical significance and meaning. 3. The modified model also showed a good fit with the data. ［$\chi$$^2$＝5.26(df＝7, P＝.63), GFI＝.99, AGFI＝.97, RMSR＝.014, NNFI＝1.02, NFI＝.99, CN＝710, standardized residuals(-1.46-1.70)］ Results of the testing of the hypothesis were as follows : 1. Marital intimacy(${\gamma}$11＝.78, t＝14.37) and professional support(${\gamma}$13＝.12, t＝2.12) had a significant direct effect on the spouse's support. 2. Pre-operative symptoms(${\gamma}$25＝.32, t＝3.12), importance of uterus(${\gamma}$22＝.20, t＝2.61) and spouse's support($\beta$2l＝-.19, t＝-2.43) had a significant direct effect on the sense of loss. 3. Sense of loss($\beta$32＝-.66, t＝-9.83) had a direct effect on the quality of life. Marital intimacy had a direct(${\gamma}$31＝.19, t＝3.33), indirect(${\gamma}$31＝.14, t＝2.52) and total effect(${\gamma}$31＝.25, t＝4.41) on the quality of life. Professional support had a direct effect(${\gamma}$33＝.11, t＝2.07) and total effect(${\gamma}$33＝.13, t＝2.31) on the quality of life. The direct effect of pre-operative symptoms(${\gamma}$35＝-.36, t＝4.02) and positive coping behavior(${\gamma}$34＝.15, t＝2.06) had the insignificant effect on the quality of life while, due to the idirect effect these variables had overall significant effect on the quality of life. The results of this study showed that the sense of loss had the most significant direct effect on the quality of life. Marital intimacy, pre -operative symptoms and spouse's support had a significant direct effect on this sense of loss. These four variables, the sense of loss, marital intimacy, pre-operative symptoms and spouse's support, were identified as relatively important variables. The results of this study suggested that there is needed to determine if nursing intervention would alleviate this sense of loss and promote a greater quality of life in women who have had hysterectomies.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.414-429
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• 1990

Numerous research reports have substantiated the role of stressful life events in relation to the onset of health changes. The relationship tends to hold across different age groups. Theoretically, adolescence has been considered a developmental crisis period of great stress, impoverished coping skills and high vulnerability to biological, social and psychological demands. The research problem addressed by this study was to examine the relationships between stressful life events and health symptom patterns, and the effect of two variables, coping and social, support, theoretically considered to mediate the relationship between stress and health symptoms in adolescents. The following five hypotheses were tested in this research : 1. Health symptoms are positively related to stressful life events in adolescents, 2. Health symptoms are negatively related to coping in adolescents, 3. Health symptoms are negatively related to social support in adolescents, 4. When coping is controlled, the relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events will decrease, and 5. When social support is controlled, the relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events will increase. The study subjects consisted of 1090 high school students of the metropolitan city of Seoul. The following sampling procedure was used : 1. Of the 169 high schools in nine school administrative districts in the city, a proportional sample of ten schools was selected. 2. One class from each of the freshman and sophomore was randomly selected and all the students who were in the sampled class were used as the study sample. The study was limited to freshman and sophomore adolescents, aged 15 to 18(mean＝16.6). Of the 1090 subjects 688(63%) were boys and 402(37%) were girls. An Adolescent Inventory of Stressful Life Events, a Health Symptom Questionnaire and an Adolescent Coping Inventory were adapted for this study. The Norbeck Social Support questionnaire was utilized to collect the data on perceived social support. Five high school teachers in the areas of school health and counselling reviewed the items of each questionnaire for content validity. A pilot study was undertaken to ascertain reliability. Fifty three high school students responded to the questionnaires and gave their opinions on the items. For stressful life events, health symptoms, coping, and social support, the Cronbach's alpha's on the study were .70, .94, .77, and .76, respectively. Research assistants attended all the sampled classes with the school proctor to explain the purpose and procedures of the study to the students. The questionnaires along with a ballpoint pen were distributed to the students who were asked to complete each item. The research assistants left the ballpoint pen with the students as a gift for their cooperation. An average of 50 minutes was required to complete the questionnaires. Using an SPSS, the first, three hypotheses were tested using Gamma, a measure of association for ordinal variables. Partial gamma was used to test the fourth and fifth hypotheses. Patterns of elaboration described by Babbie were selected to interpret the relationship of the three variable analyses. The significance of gamma was determined by Chisquare at a .05 level of significance. There was a positive relationship between health symptoms and stressful life events(Gamma＝.35, p＝.000). Thus the first hypothesis was supported. Unexpectedly, coping was positively related with health symptoms(Gamma＝.13, p＝.000). That is, the higher the coping levels, the greater number of health problems. The third hypothesis, the higher the level of social support, the fewer the health symptoms, was not accepted in this adolescent study group. When coping was controlled, under the condition of low coping the association between health symptoms and stressful life events increased significantly to a partial gamma of .39, and under the condition of high coping it was .30. According to the elaboration model, when one partial relationship is the same or greater than the original and the other is smaller, the control variable should be considered to be specifying the conditions. When social support was controlled the relationship between stressful life events and health symptoms increased under the condition of low social support, but with high social support, the relationship decreased. Both partial gamma were statistically significant at .05 level(.43 and .26 relatively). It can be interpreted that stressful life events are strongly and positively related to health symptoms under the condition of low social support, however this relationship can not be expected with high social support. Thus, the last two hypotheses were conditionally sustained. In this study, the relationships between stressful life events and health symptoms, and the specified me diating roles of coping and social support were found to have statistical interaction. This finding supports the theoretical position of this study. It suggests that stressful life events would create high susceptability to biological social and psychological health symptoms and coping and social support buffering the relationship between stressful life events and health symptom. The findings of this study have implications for nursing practice. When adolescents are confronted with non-developmental life events that are perceived as stressful, nurses should recognize the evidence of the stress-buffering effect of coping and social support on health symptoms and utilize the diverse sources of social support that are readily available to adolescents.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.142-146
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• 2000

저선량 방사선조사에 의한 참박의 초기생육과 유묘 생리활성에 미치는 영향을 보고자 세 품종의 참박종자에 ${\gamma}$선을 $0.5{\sim}30\;Gy$까지 조사하여 온실에서 재배하며 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 저선량에 의한 참박의 초기생육 효과는 품종에 따라 다른 경향을 보였는데 종자발아율의 경우는 대체로 2 Gy와 8 Gy에서 효과가 있었고, 초기생육에서는 Patner와 Support 품종에서는 4 Gy, 16 Gy, 20 Gy 조사구에서, FR용자는 1 Gy 조사구에서 효과적으로 증가하였다. 저선량 ${\gamma}$선을 조사한 참박 유식물체의 엽록소함량은 생육과 어떠한 경향을 보이지 않았으나 초기생육과 항산화효소 활성은 저선량 조사에 의해 대체로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.436-442
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• 2017

Fischer-Tropsch 합성(F-T 합성)은 석탄, 바이오매스, 천연가스 등을 개질하여 얻은 합성 가스(CO, $H_2$)를 촉매를 이용하여 탄화수소로 전환 하는 기술이다. Fischer-Tropsch 합성에 이용되는 촉매는 활성 금속, 조촉매, 지지체로 구성되는데 이들의 종류와 조성은 반응의 활성 및 생성물 선택도에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$와 $SiO_2$ 혼합 지지체의 조성이 Fiscsher-Tropsch 반응의 활성과 생성물 선택도에 미치는 영향을 알아 보기위해, ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3/SiO_2$ 혼합 지지체를(100/0 wt%, 75/25 wt%, 50/50 wt%, 25/75 wt%, 0/100 wt%) 이용하여 함침(impregnation)법으로 철 촉매를 제조하였다. 촉매의 물리적 특성은 질소 물리 흡착 법과 X-선 회절 분석법을 통해 분석 하였고, 고정층 반응기에서 Fischer-Trosch 반응을 $300^{\circ}C$, 20bar에서, 60시간 동안 수행 하였다. 촉매의 물리적 특성 분석 결과 촉매의 BET 표면적은 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$의 조성이 감소함에 따라 감소하였으며, 촉매 기공의 부피 및 평균 크기는 지지체 조성이 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3/SiO_2$ (50/50 wt%)인 경우를 제외 하고 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, X-선 회절 분석법을 통해 ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$의 입자 크기를 계산한 결과 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$의 조성이 감소함에 따라 입자 크기가 감소 하였다. Fischer-Tropsch 합성 결과 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$의 조성이 감소함에 따라 CO 전환율은 감소 하였으며, C1-C4의 선택도는 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$의 조성이 25 wt%일 때 까지 감소하였으며 이와 반대로, C5+의 선택도는 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$의 조성이 25 wt%일 때 까지 증가 하였다.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 1980

모든 기호(記號)는 G.E Bredon의 저(著) Sheaf Theory의 기호(記號)를 따른다. A가 torsion free이며 elementary sheaf이라 하자. 그리고 L을 injective L-module이라 하자 $dim_{\varphi}X<{\infty}$이라면 support의 $family{\varphi}$와 locally subset z에 대하여 ${\Gamma}_{z}(^{\sim}Hom({\Gamma}_{\varphi}(L),L){\otimes}A){\simeq}H_0{^{z}}(X:A)\;H_{-p}{^{z}}(X:A)=0,\;p=1,2,3,$⋯⋯ 이며 support의 family c와 compact subset z에 대하여도 ${\Gamma}_{z}(^{\sim}Hom({\Gamma}_{c}(L),L){\otimes}A){\simeq}H_0{^{z}}(X:A)\;H_{-y}{^{z}}(X:A)=0,\;p=1,2,3,$⋯⋯ A가 elementary이면 locally closed z와 z에서 closed인 $z^{\prime}$ 그리고 $z^{\prime\prime}=z-z^{\prime}$에 대하여 exact sequence ⋯⋯${\rightarrow}H^{z^{\prime}}_{p}\;(X:A){\rightarrow}H^{z}_{p}(X:A){\rightarrow}H^{z^{\prime\prime}}_{p}\;(X:A){\rightarrow}$⋯⋯ 가 존재(存在)한다.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기화학회 2005년도 수소연료전지공동심포지움 2005논문집
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• pp.115-122
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• 2005