• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.634-641
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• 2007

In order to investigate the effects of Bogigambi-tang(here in after referred to BGGBT) on the obese gene and obese inhibitory, C57BL/6 mice were induced by high fat diet. C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups(normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with BGGBT extract) and fed for 15 weeks. Items of this experimental study are as follows. Body weight change, final inclose of body weight, the weight change of the adipocytes in body, the level change of ALT, AST, total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, free fatty acid and creatinine, the expression of ${\beta}$3AR and leptin gene in primary adipocytes, the production change of leptin in primary adipocytes, the expression of ${\beta}$3AR and leptin in adipocytes tissue. The following results have been obtained All experimental group have shown that the weight and the final increase of weight have decreased considerably. All experimental group have shown that the amount of the adipocyte in weight has decreased considerably. All experimental group have shown that the amount of leptin has decreased considerably. All experimental group have shown that the revelation of ${\beta}$3AR in primary adipose cell and 3T3-L1 cell has increased considerably, and that the revelation of leptin in primary adipose cell and 3T3-L1 cell has decreased considerably, All experimental group have shown that the size of adipocyte in adipocytes tissue has decreased. The high density group have shown that the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue has decreased considerably, and that the cell nucleuses has similar with normal group.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.81-96
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate inhibitory effects of Gamipalmul-tang($jiaweibawu-t{\bar{a}}ng$) on the hematological and histological changes of obese mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (normal group, high fat diet with normal saline, high fat diet with reductil, high fat diet with Gamipalmul-tang($jiaweibawu-t{\bar{a}}ng$) and fed for 8 weeks. Body weight change, final increase of body weight, ALT, AST, creatinine, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, cell viability by cytotoxicity, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ in 3T3-L1 cell, the expression of leptin, ${\beta}3AR$ and serotonin in adipocyte tissue and size of adipocyte were observed in 8 weeks. Results : 1. In 3T3-L1 cell. the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ was increased significantly. 2. The final increase of body weight in obese-mouse were decreased significantly. 3. The level of AST, ALT were decreased significantly. 4. The level of LDL-cholesterol was decreased significantly and HDL-cholesterol was increased significantly. 5. The levels of triglyceride was decreased and leptin and glucose were decreased significantly. 6. In adipocyte tissue, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ were increased significantly. 7. In adipocyte tissue, the expression of leptin and serotonin were decreased significantly. 8. The size of Adipocyte was decreased. Conclusions : On the basis of these results, we concluded that Gamipalmul-tang($jiaweibawu-t{\bar{a}}ng$) has inhibitory effects in rat.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.826-835
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• 1999

연구배경 : $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 다형성이 기관지 천식의 표현형에 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있다. 이에 저자들은 먼저 기관지 천식 환자와 정상인에서의 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 다형성의 빈도에 차이가 있는가를 알아보고, 또한 기관지 천식 환자에서 아토피의 유무 및 혈청 총 IgE의 증가 여부와 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 다형성이 관계가 있는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 기관지 천식 환자 109명과 정상인 42명에 대하여 혈청 총 IgE를 측정하고, 항원 특이 IgE 검사 및 피부 단자 검사를 실시하였고, mutated allele specific amplification 법으로 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체와 다형성을 검색하였다. 결 과 : $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 다형성을 조사한 결과 16번 아미노산 위치에서는 Arg 야생형 및 Arg/Gly 이형접합체 변이형, Gly 동형 접합체 변이형이, 그리고 27번은 Gln 야생형, Gln/Glu 이형 접합체 변이형, Glu 동형 접합체 변이형이 관찰되었다. 34번 아미노산의 경우는 Val 야생형과 Val/Met 이형 접합체 변이형이, 164번은 Thr 야생형만 있었다. 1) 정상인과 기관지 천식 환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 16, 27, 34번 아미노산 위치에 있어서 다형성의 빈도는 통계학적으로 차이가 없었다(p>0.05)(Table 3). 2) 기관지 천식환자에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체 다형성의 빈도와 아토피의 존재 유무는 16, 27, 34 번 아미노산에서 모두 통계학적으로 관계가 없었다(p>0.05) (Table 4). 3) 기관지 천식 환자 중 혈청 총 IgE가 증가된 군과 정상 군에서 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 신경 수용체 다형성과 혈청 총 IgE의 증가 여부의 비교는 16, 27, 34번 아미노산 모두 통계학적인 관련이 없었다(p>0.05) (Table 5). 결 론 : 결론적으로 기관지 천식 환자와 정상인 사이의 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 다형성은 16, 27, 34번 아미노산 위치에서 차이가 없었고, 기관지 천식환자에서 아토피의 유무 및 혈청 총 IgE의 증가 여부와 $\beta_2$ 교감신경 수용체의 다형성의 빈도는 통계적으로 유의한 관계가 없었다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.153-168
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• 2019

증강현실(AR)은 4차 산업혁명 시대의 핵심 서비스 기술 중의 하나이다. 시장 확산을 위해선 새로운 기술에 대한 소비자의 수용성 문제(public acceptance)는 대단히 중요한 이슈이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 일반 소비자들의 AR기술에 대한 수용 내지 사용 의도나 사용 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 실증적인 연구는 아직까지 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 AR산업에 있어서 확장된 통합기술수용 모델(UTAUT2)을 기반으로 기술 수용에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 기존의 연구와 비교를 통해 논의를 하였다. 연구 결과 기존의 UTAUT1 모형의 주요 요인인 성과기대, 노력기대, 촉진조건 및 UTAUT2의 쾌락적 동기, 습관이 사용 의도에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 본 연구에서 새롭게 투입한 인지된 위험(perceived risk)은 사용의도에 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 이들의 영향 관계는 노력기대(${\beta}=.294$)>습관(${\beta}=.268$)>쾌락적 동기(${\beta}=.266$)>성과기대(${\beta}=.263$)>촉진조건(${\beta}=.233$)>인지된 위험(${\beta}=-.094$)순으로 나타났다. UTAUT1의 사회적 영향은 사용의도에 유의미한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 사용 의도는 실제 사용과 추천의향에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 한편, 연령은 독립변수와 사용 의도간 조절 역할을 할것이라는 가설 검정결과 사회적 영향, 촉진조건, 쾌락적 동기, 습관과 사용 의도 간 조절역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 동일한 방법으로 성별의 조절효과를 검정한 결과 성별은 촉진조건, 인지된 위험과 사용 의도 간 조절역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 확장된 UTAUT2모델을 AR기술 수용에 처음으로 적용하여 검정했다는 점에서 학술적인 의의가 있다. 실무적으로는 쾌락적 동기와 습관이 AR기술 수용에 큰 영향을 미치는 요인임이 밝혀짐에 따라 이 부분에 대한 차별화 전략을 통해 경쟁우위를 확보해 나가는 것도 효과적인 전략이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권8호통권88호
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• pp.1075-1081
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 1) 캡사이신 섭취 (100 mg) 가 에너지 대사 조절자로서 열발생 교감신경활동과 관련된 자율신경활동을 향상시키는지, 2) 본 연구의 대상자들의 UCP1 과 ${\beta}_{3}$-AR 유전자 다양성이 자율신경활동에 영향을 주는지를 조사한 것이다. 8명의 대상자 (24.7 ${\pm}$ 1.8 세) 가 이 실험에 자발적으로 참여하였다. 심박수변이성 파워 스펙트랄 분석에 의해 평가된 심장자율신경활동과 에너지 대사는 총 90분간 매 30분마다 5분간 측정하였으며, 캡사이신 또는 위약 그룹은 무작위로 대상자에서 섭취되었다. 본 연구의 결과에서, 두 그룹간의 안정시 심박수에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 자율신경활동은 캡사이신 그룹에서 증가하였으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 총 대상자중, UCP1의 GG유전자 타입을 가진 대상자는 37.5% 였다. 그러나 캡사이신 그룹은 Test3에서 측정시 호흡 교환율이 유의하게 낮았다 (CAP: 0.80 ${\pm}$ 0.02 vs. CON: 0.85 ${\pm}$ 0.02, means ${\pm}$ SE, p<0.05). 이상의 결과로서, 캡사이신 (100 mg) 의 섭취는 지방분해를 향상시킴으로서 비만 과/또는 고지혈증을 가진 개개인에서 유익한 성분임을 시사할 수 있다. 또한 자율신경에 대한 비만과 관련된 UCP1 과/또는 ${\beta}_{3}$-AR 과 같은 유전자 다양성은 앞으로의 연구에 고려되어져야 할 것이다.

• 셀메드
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.8.1-8.6
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• 2013

Ikwi-tang (IW) is an oriental medicine that has been used for the treatment of general symptoms due to a stomach yin deficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate precisely the effect of IW on allergic rhinitis (AR). We well show the effects and the mechanism of IW in the ovalbumin-sensitized AR model. IW significantly decreased the number of nasal/ear rubs and the increment of IgE levels in the AR mice. The levels of interferon-${\gamma}$ were enhanced while the levels of interleukin (IL)-4 were reduced in the spleen tissue of the IW-administered AR mice. Expressions of IL-$1{\beta}$ and cyclooxygenase-2 were inhibited by IW-administration in the nasal mucosa tissues. Infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells was decreased in the IW-administered AR mice. Our results indicate that IW may attenuate the development of AR by the inhibition of caspase-1 activity.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.139-160
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• 2004

The obesity is detrimental to the health of people living in affluent societies. Individual differences in energy metabolism are caused primarily by single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), some of which promote the development of obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common multifactorial genetic syndrome, which is determined by several different genes and environmental factors. In this review, five major conclusions are reached: (1)To be clinically significant, SNPs must be relevant, prevalent, modifiable, and measurable. (2)Differences in SNPs may have been caused by famine, ultraviolet light, alcohol, climate, agricultural revolution. livestock, lactase persistence, and westernized lifestyle. (3)Candidate obesity genes of calorie intake restriction are SIM 1, MC3R, MC4R, AGRP, CART, CCK, CNTFR, DRD2, Ghrelin, 5-HT receptor, NPY, PON and those of energy metabolism are LEP, LEPR, UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, B2AR, B3AR, PGC-1, Androgen receptor and those of fat mobilization are AGT, ACE, ADA, APM1, Apolipoproteins, PPAR, FABP, FOXC2, GCGR, $11-{\beta}HSDI$, LDLR, Hormonal sensitive lipase, Perilipin, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $TNF-{\beta}$ (4)Candidate obesity genes in the eastern are NPY, LEP, LEPR, UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, B2AR, B3AR, ACE, APM1, PPAR, and FABP. (5)Candidate obesity genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus are MC3R, MC4R, B2AR, B3AR, ADA, APM1, PPAR, FABP, FOXC2, PC1, PC2, ABCC8, CAPN10, CYP19, CYP7, ENPP1, GCK, GYS1, IGF, IL-6, Insulin receptor, IRS, and LPL. The discovery of SNPs will lead to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity and to better diagnostics, treatment, and eventually prevention.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.620-625
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• 2012

A general synthetic method to make $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ (activated magnetite) is the reduction of $Fe_3O_4$ by $H_2$ atmosphere. However, this process has an explosion risk. Therefore, we studied the process of synthesis of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ depending on heat-treatment conditions using $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ in Ar atmosphere. The thermal decomposition characteristics of $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and the ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ were analyzed with TG/DTA in Ar atmosphere. ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was synthesized by precipitation method using $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ and $(NH_4)_2C_2O_4{\cdot}H_2O$. The concentration of the solution was 0.1 M and the equivalent ratio was 1.0. ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was decomposed to $H_2O$ and $FeC_2O$4 from $150^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$. $FeC_2O4$ was decomposed to CO, $CO_2$, and $Fe_3O_4$ from $200^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. Single phase $Fe_3O_4$ was formed by the decomposition of ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ in Ar atmosphere. However, $Fe_3C$, Fe and $Fe_4N$ were formed as minor phases when ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was decomposed in $N_2$ atmosphere. Then, $Fe_3O_4$ was reduced to $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ by decomposion of CO. The reduction of $Fe_3O_4$ to $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ progressed from $320^{\circ}C$ to $400^{\circ}C$; the reaction was exothermic. The degree of exothermal reaction was varied with heat treatment temperature, heating rate, Ar flow rate, and holding time. The ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was greatly influenced by the heat treatment temperature and the heating rate. However, Ar flow rate and holding time had a minor effect on ${\delta}$-value.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.383-395
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• 1997

This paper proves that the standard bootstrap approximation for the least absolute deviation (LAD) estimate of .beta. in AR(1) processes with infinite variance error terms is asymptotically valid in probability when the bootstrap resample size is much smaller than the original sample size. The theoretical validity results are supported by simulation studies.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.116-132
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• 2008

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bimanbang-1 (肥滿1號方: here in after referred to BMB-1) on the obese gene and obese inhibitory. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were induced by high fat diet. Mice were divided into three groups (normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with BMB-1 extract) and fed for 15 weeks. Items of this experimental study are as follows: body weight change, final body weight, the weight change of the adipocytes in body, the level change of LFT, NEFA and creatinine, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin gene in primary adipocytes, the production change of leptin in primary adipocytes, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$, leptin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in adipocytes tissue. Result: 1. All experimental groups showedthat the weight change decreased considerably and the high density group showedthat the final weight decreased considerably. 2. The high density group showed that the amount of the adipocyte in weight decreased considerably. 3. All experimental groups showedthat the amount of ALT decreased considerably, and AST decreased in the high density group. However, the amount of creatinine and glucose did not increase considerably. 4. All experimental groups showed that the amount of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and NEFA decreased, and HDL-cholesterol increased considerably. 5. The high density groups showedthat the amount of leptin decreased considerably. 6. All experimental groups showed that the revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ in primary adipose cell and 3T3-L1 cell increased considerably, and that the revelation of leptin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in primary adipose cellsand 3T3-L1 cells decreased considerably. 7. All experimental groups showed that the size of adipocyte in adipocytes tissue decreased. 8. All experimental groups showed that the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue decreased considerably. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Bimanbang-1 causes weight loss and histological change, thus it may be effective to treat obesity.