• 원예과학기술지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.441-446
• /
• 2011

에틸렌 작용억제제인 1-MCP의 처리와 함께 수확 후 '부유' 단감 과실에 호르메시스유발원으로 자외선을 조사하였을 때 carotenoid 색소 함량 변화와 함께 에틸렌 생성, 호흡 및 과육 경도의 변화를 조사하였다. 수확 당시 '부유' 단감 과실의 주요 carotenoid 색소는 ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin이었으며, 이 중 lycopene 색소 함량은 수확 이후 실온 저장 기간 중에 크게 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 자외선 조사는 단감에서 ${\beta}$-carotene과 lycopene 색소의 함량을 증가시켜 과피의 착색을 증진하였으나 동시에 자외선 스트레스에 따른 과육의 경도 저하를 촉진하였다. 그러나 자외선 조사에 따른 carotenoid 색소 함량의 증가는 1-MCP 처리의 영향을 받지 않은 반면 과육의 연화는 1-MCP 처리에 의해 크게 지연되었다. 따라서 수확 후 '부유' 단감 과실에 1-MCP 처리와 자외선 조사를 병행할 경우 연화 억제와 과피의 착색 중진을 통한 품질의 향상이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.389-397
• /
• 2022

A total of 51 vegetables and fruits, commonly consumed agriculture products in Korea, were analyzed for their α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin contents as provitamin A. The beta-carotene content (㎍/100 g) was high in a few green leaf vegetables such as coriander (5,924.07), gegeol radish leaf (5.855.72), and curried mallow (5,138.01), while α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin contents were not detected. The β-carotene in 8 kinds of 20 general vegetables was detected in the range of 214.06~1,437.67 ㎍/100 g, while α-carotene was detected at 460.17 ㎍/100 g in only old pumpkin. The β-cryptoxanthin was detected in the range of 106.55~315.49 ㎍/100 g in Japanese elm, watermelon, white cucumber, and lettuce. However, carotenoids were not detected in 10 kinds of agricultural products including oriental melon, potato, etc. In fruits, the beta-carotene contents ranged from 165.72~3,997.39 ㎍/100 g, showing maximum value in apple mango and minimum value in persimmon. The β-cryptoxanthin was detected at 232.22 ㎍/100 g in only passion fruit, while the α-carotene was detected at 77.25 ㎍/100 g in only darae. Thus, based on the analyzed results of carotenoids of agriculture products consumed or cultivated in Korea, and it was found that green leaf vegetables comprise high beta-carotene overall.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.1911-1918
• /
• 2013

This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between intake of carotenoids and risk of esophageal cancer. A systematic search using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and CBM (updated to 6 May 2012) identified ten articles meeting the inclusion criteria with 1,958 cases of esophageal cancer and 4,529 controls. Higher intake of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin reduced esophageal cancer risk with pooled ORs of 0.58 (95% CI 0.44, 0.77), 0.81 (95% CI 0.70, 0.94), 0.75 (95% CI 0.64, 0.86), 0.80 (95% CI 0.66, 0.97), and 0.71 (95% CI 0.59, 0.87), respectively. In subgroup analyses, beta-carotene showed protective effects against esophageal adenocarcinoma in studies located in Europe and North America. Alpha-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin showed protection against esophageal squamous cell cancer. This meta-analysis suggested that higher intake of carotenoids (beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) is associated with lower risk of esophageal cancer. Further research with large-sample studies need to be conducted to better clarify the potentially protective mechanisms of carotenoid associations risk of different types of esophageal cancer.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.61-69
• /
• 1998

Five hundred and seventy-eight healthy subjects (351 men and 227 women) with a mean age of 44.8 years (45.2 for men, 44.3 for women) participated in this study. The serum concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, zeaxanthin + lutein, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and retinol of normal Koreans were measured, and their relation to gender, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and menopausal status were evaluated. The concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, carotenoids and retinol in serum were measured simultaneously by reverse phase HPLC (multi-wavelength, gradient and computerized automatic system). Average serum levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene and retinol were 10.1$\pm$0.41\mu$g/dl, 33.1$\pm$1.24\mu$g/dl, and 82.0$\pm$1.63\mu$g/dl for men and 11.1$\pm$0.74\mu$g/ml, 48.1$\pm$1.60\mu$g/dl and 64.5$\pm$1.96\mu$g/dl for women, respectively, Serum concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopheol \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, cryptoxanthin and lycopene appeared to be higher in women than in men. The serum concentrations of zeaxanthin + lutein increased with the increase in age of men and those of $\alpha$-carotene and \beta$-carotene increased with the increase in age of women. For men, current smokers showed significantly lower serum concentrations of \beta$-carotene and $\alpha$-carotene than ex-smokers (p <0.05) . Current drinkers also showed significantly lower serum \beta$-carotene and zeaxanthin + lutein concentrations than ex-drinkers. For women, current smokers showed significantly love. serum concentrations of zeaxanthin+lutein and cryptoxanthin than ex-smokes (p<0.05). Men with BMI$\geq$24 showed significantly lower serum concentrations of \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, lycopene and cryptoxanthin than men with BMI < 20. The mean concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene and lycopene far postmenopausal women were higher than those for premenopausal women (p<0.05). In conclusion, there were obvious differences in serum $\alpha$-tocopherol and carotenoids levels depending on gender, age, cigarette-smoking habits, alcohol consumption, BMI and menopausal status. further studies are required to establish the normal levels of these vitamins for children and the elderly and to elucidate their roles in different disease states.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.306-310
• /
• 2007

Setoka (Tangor Norin No.8) is a superior tangor cultivar cultivated in a greenhouse on Jeju Island, and its ${\beta}-cryptoxanthi$n content was determined during the ripening season (September 2005 to March 2006). The ${\beta}-cryptoxanthi$n content of the peel of Setoka fruits was higher than that of the flesh. Also, the ${\beta}-cryptoxanthi$n content in both peel and flesh gradually increased through the ripening season from the beginning of pigmentation, and then decreased slightly late in the ripening season. The ${\beta}-cryptoxanthi$n content in the peel of Setoka fruits varied throughout the season with values of 0.02 (Sep), 0.67 (Nov.), 2.27 (Dec.), 2.88 (Jan.), 2.27 (Feb.), and 2.13 mg% (Mar.). The ${\beta}-cryptoxanthi$n content in Setoka fruit flesh increased throughout the ripening season with values of 0.05 (Sep.), 0.22 (Nov.), 0.57 (Dec.), 0.80 (Jan.), and 0.91 mg% (Feb).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.256-261
• /
• 1996

Carotenoids are abundant int he Korean food supply. The intake of foods rich in carotenoids appears to be associated with optimal health, and a reduction in the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration and cataract formation. Specific dietary carotenoids may be responsible for these specific protective effects. Hydrocarbon carotenoids such as $\alpha$-,$\beta$-carotenes and lycopene may reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease, whereas oxygenated carotenoids, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, may be important in protection of the eye. Dietary carotenoids, such as lutein, cryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene and lycopene can be readily obtained from the diet, Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and broccoli, contain both oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids ; yellow or orange vegetables, such as carrots, have high levels of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene ; and tomatoes contain high amounts of lycopene. Besides being important vitamin A sources, provitamin A carotenoids such as $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene and cryptoxanthin, participate in the cell defense systems that are associated with radical quenching. Non-provitamin A carotenoids, such as lutein and lycopene, major carotenoids in human plasma, have also been reported to possess strong antioxidant capability. The alteration of dietary sources of carotenoids can modify their levels in the circulation and target tissues, and thus prevent or delay the onset of these chronic diseases.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.83-95
• /
• 2003

Investigations were conducted on the changes in carotenoids content, and quantification of cis-trans-${\beta}$-carotene Isomers in pureed and cooked carrot and spinach during storage. The isomerization and degradation of carotenoids were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C$\_$30/ reversed-phase column with diode-array detection. The results showed that lutein, ail-trans-${\beta}$-carotene, ${\alpha}$-carotene, 9-cis-${\beta}$-carotene and 13-cis-${\beta}$-carotene were present in carrot and spinach. Zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin were present in raw spinach. The contents of lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, ${\alpha}$-carotene and all-trans-${\beta}$-carotene in pureed and cooked carrot and spinach decreased with increasing storage period. The 9-cis and 13-cis carotenoid isomers were the major types formed in cooked carrot during storage. Cooking was not found to alter the carotenoid profile of the sample, but increased the total amount of carotenoids compared with pured ones. This increase could be explained that cooking itself increased the extraction efficiency and inactivated the enzymes degradating carotenoids.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.950-957
• /
• 1995

총 carotenoid 함량을 ${\beta}-carotene$ 상당의 mg%로 산출하였을 때 감귤 14종의 과육과 과피의 함량은 각각 $0.23{\sim}3.38\;mg%$, $0.82{\sim}10.64\;mg%$이었고 평균치는 과육과 과피에서 각각 1.5 mg%, 7 mg%이었다. HPLC에서 14종의 peak를 분리하였으며 이들 peak중 lutein, lycopene, ${\alpha}-carotene$, ${\beta}-carotene$은 표준품과 직접 비교 확인하였고, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein-5,6-epoxide, isolutein, cryptox-diepoxide, cryptox-5,6-epoxide and ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ 등은 다른 문헌상의 $t_R$과 비교 추정하였다. 개별 carotenoid 함량비를 HPLC chromatogram의 peak 면적%로 비교하였던 바, 품종간의 차이는 뚜렷하지 않았다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.355-362
• /
• 2004

Studies on extraction and color stability of carotenoids from astringent persimmon(Diospyros kaki) were performed to provide the basic information for the utilization of persimmon pigment as a new source of natural food colorant. The major carotenoids in astringent persimmon were beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene. Beta-cryptoxanthin was the first major pigment and lycopene the next. Total carotenoid content in persimmon calculated as beta-carotene equivalent was 107.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The data indicated that the astringent persimmon was a good source of carotenoid pigment. The physical and chemical stabilities of carotenoid from astringent persimmon were investigated at various conditions of temperature, pH and antioxidant. The effects of oxygen and light on the stability of carotenoid pigment has been investigated. The factors that cause the discoloration were visible light, temperature above 60, pH below 5 and oxygen. Especially, the carotenoid pigment was very sensitive to light and oxygen. Carotenoid stability was much improved with increasing nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere. Persimmon pigments have been found to be most stable at 5∼10. And tocopherol was the most effective inhibitor of the pigment discoloration.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.272-281
• /
• 1994

양식 농어에 대한 사료 carotenoids의 대사와 체색개선에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein ester, astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester 및 astaxanthin diester의 첨가사료로서 8주간 사육하여 표피의 carotenoid성분을 분석, 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 농어 표피의 carotenoid색소는 tunaxanthin획분과 lutein이 주성분을 이루고 있으며, 그 외 ${\beta}$-carotene, a-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin 및 ${\beta}$-carotene type triol이 소량으로 존재하였다. 한편, 천연산은 양식산에 비하여 tunaxanthin과 lutein의 함유비가 높은 반면 ${\beta}$-carotene의 함유비가 낮은 경향을 보여 서로 차이를 보였다. Carotenoid의 축적율은 astaxanthin monoester 첨가구에서 가장 높게 나타나서 체색선명화의 효과가 컸었으며, 그 다음으로 astaxanthin, astaxanthin diester첨가구의 순으로 나타났다. 사육시험후 각 시험구의 carotenoid함량과 조성으로 보아, 농어의 carotenoid대사경로는 astaxanthin이 ${\beta}$-carotene type triol, zeaxanthin, lutein을 거쳐 tunaxanthin으로 되는 환원적대사과정을 가지는 것으로 추정할 수 있었다.