• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 2008

The biological activities of water and ethanol extracts from different fruit parts, such as peel, flesh, and placenta of oriental melon were investigated. The total phenolic concentration of water extract was the highest such as 151.64 ${\mu}g/g$ in the peel, also that of ethanol extract was 224.77 ${\mu}g/g$ in the peel, respectively. The total flavonoid content in the water and ethanol extracts were high such as 45.53 ${\mu}g/g$ and 67.16 ${\mu}g/g$ of peel, respectively. In the physiological activities, DPPH in the water and ethanol extracts were high such as 25.0% and 83.3% of peel in 1% concentration. Extract of peel was higher than those of flesh and placenta. ABTS in the water extracts was 79.2% of peel, 57.6% of flesh and 74.0% of placenta in 1% concentration. Ethanol extracts was 99.9% of peel, 52.1% of flesh and 41.2% of placenta in 1% concentration. In addition, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibition activity of the peel of water and ethanol extracts appeared to be higher than those of placenta and flesh. This study showed that the antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibition activity of peel extracts were higher than those of placenta and flesh. Also, the antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract from different fruit parts was shown only on Streptococcus agalactiae.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2018

This study was designed to determine the biological activities of Chionanthus retusus flower extracts. Water and 90% ethanol extracts of C. retusus flower were prepared. The inhibitory activities of water and ethanol extracts with a phenolic content of $200{\mu}g/mL$ against xanthine oxidase were 25.60% and 15.92%, respectively. Further, the water extract did not show any inhibitory activity against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase whereas the ethanol extract showed 100.00% inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. The inhibitory activities of the extracts against tyrosinase were 17.27% (water extract) and 36.13% (ethanol extract), which suggest that the extracts may have a whitening effect. The water extract did not inhibit elastase activity but showed a collagenase-inhibitory activity of 20.21%. On the contrary, the ethanol extract showed 96.26% and 35.93% inhibition of collagenase and elastase, respectively. These findings suggest that the extracts may have an anti-wrinkle effect. Lastly, the extracts showed a hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of 36.96% (water extract) and 88.70% (ethanol extract), suggesting that they may have an anti-inflammatory effect. The results indicate that C. retusus flower extracts containing phenolic compounds can be used as functional resources because they have anti-gout, carbohydrate degradation-inhibitory, whitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the polyphenol content, flavonoid content, antioxidant and biological of 70% EtOH extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water) of the plant Chrysanthemum indicum L. (CI) belonging to family chrysanthemum. antioxidant activity was determined 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and superoxide scavenging activity. The biological activity tests included measurement of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and PTP1B. The results show that content of polyphenol and flavonoid in 70% EtOH of CI 30.20 mg and 31.58 mg, respectively. Among the different samples, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction showed the highest level of polyphenol (87.87 mg) and flavonoid (65.12 mg). The DPPH, ABTS and superoxide dismutase(SOD) antioxidant assay of EA fraction showed 93.84%, 93.38% and 84.68% inhibition respectively. The EA fraction also showed the highest antioxidant activity compared to 70% EtOH extract and other fractions. EA fraction ($20{\mu}g/mL$) showed the highest 30.29% and 99.24%, respectively compared to other samples. The results of this study show that the EA fraction contained more antioxidant and antidiabetic components than 70% EtOH extract and other fractions. In conclusion, we believe that CI may be useful natural antioxidant and functional material.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.516-523
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• 2008

The effects of pan-fired (PM) and fermented (FM) Cudrania tricupidata tea leaves on $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, oral glucose tolerance, blood glucose levels and serum lipids profiles in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats were investigated. The $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of FM ethanol extracts (20 mg/mL) was higher (92.5%) than that of raw dried leaves (RM) (69.1%) and PM (54.6%). In addition, the results of a glucose tolerance test revealed that the glucose levels of hyperglycemic rats that were fed PM and FM ethanol extracts and then orally administered glucose began to decrease after 60 minutes, but recovered after 120 minutes. However, the blood glucose levels in the hyperglycemic control group did not begin to decrease for 360 minutes. Additionally, the results of animal experiments that were conducted over five weeks to compare the dietary effects of PM and FM following hyperglycemic induction to the effects on the hyperglycemic control group (DM) were as follows: The body weight gain and FER of the treated rats were $12.9{\sim}16.9%$ higher than those of the DM group, whereas the amounts of feed and water intake by the treated rats were $6.8{\sim}10.1%$ lower. Additionally, the levels of blood glucose and serum fructosamine decreased by $27.3{\sim}39.8%$ and $6.7{\sim}20.0%$, respectively, in the treated rats. Moreover, the serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the treated rats were $24.9{\sim}27.1%$, $15.9{\sim}17.4%$ and $33.8{\sim}38.4%$ lower, respectively. Finally, the HDL-cholesterol contents were $20.5{\sim}24.8%$ higher in the treated rats than in the control group. The above results suggest that PM and FM exerts an anti-hyperglycemic effect that occurs due to the inhibition of $\alpha$-glucosidase activity as well as via prevention and/or inhibition of changes in the serum lipid profile. In addition, the results of this study revealed that the synthetic anti-hyperglycemic effect of FM was greater than that of PM. However, further detailed studies are needed to confirm these results.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.254-260
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• 2015

The effect of the extraction solvent on the physiological properties of the peel of the Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Niitaka) was evaluated. The total phenol content was highest in the 80%(wt) methanol extract, whereas flavonoid content was highest in the 80% ethanol extract. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging abilities, and their reducing power. The water and 80% methanol extracts of the pear peel had highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and reducing power, respectively. The inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was highest in the 80% methanol extract, and alcohol dehydrogenase activity was highest in the water extract. All three extracts had similar antimicrobial activity. Because water, 80% ethanol, and 80% methanol extracts exhibited high activities in different assays of physiological properties, each solvent could be used for specific purposes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1222-1228
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• 2017

In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of water soluble ${\beta}-glucan$ from oat (Avena sativa) against various digestive enzymes such as ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, sucrase, maltase and glucoamylase. Inhibition of these enzymes involved in the absorption of disaccharide can significantly decrease the post-prandial increase of blood glucose level after a mixed carbohydrate diet. The ${\beta}-glucan$ had the highest documented rate of small intestinal sucrase inhibitory activity (2.83 mg/mL, $IC_{50}$) relevant for potentially managing post-prandial hyperglycemia. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of ${\beta}-glucan$ on the level of post-prandial blood glucose in animal model. The post-prandial blood glucose levels were tested two hours after sucrose/starch administration, with and without ${\beta}-glucan$ (100, and 500 mg/kg-body weight). The maximum blood glucose levels (Cmax) of ${\beta}-glucan$ administration group were decreased by about 23% (from $219.06{\pm}27.82$ to $190.44{\pm}13.18$, p<0.05) and 10% (from $182.44{\pm}13.77$ to $165.64{\pm}10.59$, p<0.01) in starch and sucrose loading test, respectively, when compared to control in pharmacodynamics study. The ${\beta}-Glucan$ administration significantly lowered the mean, maximum, and minimum level of post-prandial blood glucose at 30 min after meal. In view of the foregoing, it is felt that our findings suggest that ${\beta}-glucan$ from oat serves to reduce post-prandial blood glucose rise secondary to slower absorption of glucose in the small intestine, via carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes inhibition.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2017

The phenolic contents which were extracted with water and 70% ethanol from O. undulatifolius were 7.7, 10.1 mg/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of water and ethanol extracts were 78, 82% at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. The 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization activity were 92, 76% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. Antioxidant protection factor in water and ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics were 1.51 and 2.08 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance were 84% in water extracts and 99% in ethanol extracts at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ was 44% in ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}-amylase$ was 37-88% in water extracts at $50-200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. The tyrosinase inhibition activity as whitening effect were 82% in ethanol extracts. The elastase inhibition activity were 4, 61% in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The collagenase inhibition activity of antiwrinkle effect showed an excellent wrinkle improvement effect as 39% in water extracts and 67% in ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. The hyaluronidase inhibition activity as anti-inflammation effect of ethanol extracts was confirmed to 46% of inhibition at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic. The astringent effect of water and ethanol extracts was confirmed to 13, 32% of effect at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic, respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2014

Silkworm (Bombyx mori ) feces have long been used in the pharmaceutical and food industries as a natural colorant. However, there is limited data on the bioactive compounds that constitute silkworm feces. This research emphasizes the antioxidant activity of different solvent and flavonoid extracts of silkworm feces. The solvents were ethanol, butanol, and water, while the methods utilized included ultrasonification, stirrer, reflux, and reflux after ultrasonification extraction. Results showed that butanol ultrasonification extraction (BUE) yield the lowest extraction (1.75%), while the other methods yielded 7 to 14%. The total polyphenol content utilizing BUE was 3.3 mg TAE/g, while water ultrasonification extraction (WUE) yielded the highest extraction rate with 51.6 mg TAE/g. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher using ethanol reflux extraction (EUE) at 266.8 mg QRE/g BUE, which was 158.3 and 151.3 mg QRE/g. Both DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like (superoxide dismutase) activity, showed significant antioxidant effects. Finally, all other extracts except for BUE had a-glucosidase inhibition at 60%. Therefore, an effective extraction method for physiologically active substances must be selected.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.126-131
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• 2012

Physiological activities of hot water (BRW) and 80% ethanol (BRE) extracts from brown rice were investigated in this study. The highest activity (94.9%) of nitrite reductase was observed for BRE at 1 mg/ml at pH 1.2, while the activity for BRW was about 75.4% under the same conditions. The inhibitory effects of BRW and BRE on xanthine oxidase activity were about 39.0 and 72.9% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. The digestibility of starch was lower for brown rice than for milled rice and the highest inhibition (93.1%) of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity occurred with BRE. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities of BRW and BRE were weakly increased in a dose-dependent manner and were about 56.4 and 44.9% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. The influences of BRW and BRE on alcohol metabolizing activity were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Increases in ADH and ALDH activities were only detected with BRE.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.569-574
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the biological activities of roasted (RE) and non-roasted (NRE) hot water extract samples from Euonymus alatus leaf by measuring DPPH radical scavenging, total polyphenol content, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ in vitro. The $IC_{50}$ values fur DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the NRE and RE hot water extracts were $19.1{\mu}g/mL$ and $21.9{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and their total polyphenol contents were estimated as 9.6 mg/g for NRE and 10.6 mg/g for RE. Both NRE and RE scavenged the hydroxyl radical in a concentration-dependent manner, but their activities were lower than that of BHA. It was also shown that SOD-like activity was dependent on NRE and RE concentration, and the SOD-like activity of NRE was slightly higher than that of RE. The highest SOD-like activity obtained from NRE was 20% at a concentration of 3 mg/mL. Neither NRE nor RE seemed to have an effect on ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibition. Finally, the hot water extracts of NRE and RE significantly decreased the concentration of LPS-induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating anti-inflammatory activity.