• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1026-1034
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• 2014

This study was conducted to assess the effects of flaxseed oil and dried whitebait as a source of ${\omega}$-3 fatty acids (${\omega}$-3 FA), which could be used to produce eggs enriched with ${\omega}$-3 FA, and of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) as a source of prebiotics on performance of hens (commercial Hy-Line Brown laying hens), and FA composition, internal quality, and sensory characteristics of the eggs. Dietary FOS increased egg weight. The amounts of ${\alpha}$-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) in the eggs from the hens fed the flaxseed oil alone or flaxseed oil+dried whitebait diets were higher than those of the control. Hedonic scores for off-flavor, fishy flavor, buttery taste and overall acceptability of the eggs from the hens fed the diet containing flaxseed oil+dried whitebait were lower (p<0.05) than those of the control. Overall acceptability of the eggs from the hens fed the diet containing soybean oil+dried whitebait was lower (p<0.05) than that of the control. However, all the sensory attributes of the eggs from the hens fed the diet containing flaxseed oil, dried whitebait and FOS were not significantly different from those of the control. These results confirmed that flaxseed oil increases the ALA content in the eggs and a combination of flaxseed oil and dried whitebait increases EPA and DHA in the eggs. Of significance was that addition of FOS to the flaxseed oil+dried whitebait diet improves the sensory characteristics of the eggs enriched with ${\omega}$-3 FA.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2017

A unicellular green alga was axenically isolated from the Port of Jeongja, Ulsan, Korea. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical analyses revealed that the isolate belonged to Heterochlorella luteoviridis. This is the first report of this species in Korea. The microalgal strain was named as H. luteoviridis MM0014 and its growth, lipid composition, and biomass properties were investigated. The strain thrived over a wide range of temperatures ($5-30^{\circ}C$) and withstood up to 0.5 M NaCl. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed that the isolate was rich in nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its major fatty acids were linoleic acid (35.6%) and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (16.2%). Thus, this indigenous marine microalga is a potential alternative source of ${\omega}3$ and ${\omega}6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are currently obtained from fish and plant oils. Ultimate analysis indicated that the gross calorific value was $19.7MJ\;kg^{-1}$. In addition, the biomass may serve as an excellent animal feed because of its high protein content (51.5%). Therefore, H. luteoviridis MM0014 shows promise for applications in the production of microalgae-based biochemicals and biomass feedstock.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1635-1644
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• 2018

Asterias amurensis (starfish) is a marine organism that is harmful to the fishing industry, but is also a potential source of functional materials. The present study was conducted to analyze the profiles of fatty acids extracted from A. amurensis tissues and their anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In different tissues, the component ratios of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids differed; particularly, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) were considerably different. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, fatty acids from A. amurensis skin, gonads, and digestive glands exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by reducing nitric oxide production and inducing nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Asterias amurensis fatty acids effectively suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin $E_2$, which are critical inflammation biomarkers, were also significantly suppressed. Furthermore, A. amurensis fatty acids reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ p-65, p38, extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, indicating that these fatty acids ameliorated inflammation through the nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These results provide insight into the anti-inflammatory mechanism of A. amurensis fatty acids on immune cells and suggest that the species is a potential source of anti-inflammatory molecules.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1409-1416
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• 2007

국내 시중에서 유통되는 국내외 브랜드의 퓨어 및 정제올리브유에 대한 이화학적 특성 및 이들의 향기 성분을 비교 분석하였다. 총 7종의 퓨어 및 정제 올리브유의 지방산 조성을 비교한 결과 palmitic(16:0, $10.2{\sim}16.8$ mole%), palmitoleic(16:1, $0.7{\sim}2.4$ mole%), stearic(18:0, $1.9{\sim}3.0$ mole%), oleic(18:1, $61.2{\sim}74.7$ mole%), linoleic(18:2, $9.4{\sim}18.0$ mole%) 및 linolenic acid(18:3, $0.5{\sim}0.9$ mole%)로 분석되었다. 색도 분석에서 퓨어 및 정제 올리브유의 $L^*$값은 $92.2{\sim}99.0$, $a^*$값은 $-22.2{\sim}-3.2$, $b^*$값은 $18.5{\sim}55.0$을 나타내었다. 이들의 총 페놀 함량 측정 결과 국내 브랜드 퓨어 올리브유에서는 $2.2{\sim}13.3$ mg/100g, 수입 브랜드 퓨어 및 정제 올리브유에서는 $1.9{\sim}5.1mg/100g$으로 나타났고, ${\alpha}$-토코페롤 함량은 $7.91{\sim}13.88$ mg/100g로 조사되었다. 퓨어 및 정제올리브유 시료들의 초기 POV는 $6.83{\sim}20.31$ meq/kg의 수치를 보였고, 이들의 induction period time은 $17.37{\sim}34.72$ hr로 나타났다. 주요 향 성분의 구별을 위해 SPME-GC/MS 분석을 실시한 결과, 올리브유의 주요 향 성분으로 acetic acid, hexanal, heptanal, 2,4-dimethyl-heptane 등이 동정되었고, MOS 유형의 전자코를 이용하여 퓨어 및 정제 올리브유 향기패턴에 대한 주성분분석을 한 결과, 이들의 원산지별과 국내 수입 브랜드 및 혼합율에 의한 향기 성분 패턴 경향성을 찾아보기 어려웠다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1015-1026
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• 2008

The influence of dietary beef tallow (BT) versus sunflower oil (SO) on meat quality and apparent digestibility and deposition of individual fatty acids in the whole carcass was investigated in pigs fed diets containing either BT or SO. The diets contained equal amounts of energy in the form of the variable fats and were fed on an iso-energetic, restricted basis. Crude fat in the SO diet was better digested (p<0.001) than in the BT diet. The dietary fat type had no effect on growth performance, physical properties of the carcass and meat quality. The pigs fed the BT diet showed lower (p<0.001) apparent digestibilities for palmitic and linoleic acid, but those of oleic and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid were not affected. The ratio of deposition in the carcass to intake of digestible fatty acids for the whole feeding period was decreased (p<0.01) for oleic and linoleic acid in pigs fed the SO diet. The pigs fed the SO diet instead of the BT diet had a lower (p<0.05) deposition:intake ratio for mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of saturated fatty acids was increased for the SO diet, but that of mono-unsaturated fatty acids was not different. In conclusion, the iso-energetic replacement of BT by SO had a marked impact on the fatty acid composition of tissues, but did not affect carcass and meat quality traits in spite of the marked difference in the deposition of linoleic acid in adipose tissues, loin muscle and the whole body. In addition, it became clear that the type of dietary fat had marked, specific effects on the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2014

Essential fatty acid (EFA) is known to be required for the body to function normally and healthily. However, the effect of EFA on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of two EFAs, linoleic acid (LA) and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA), on glucose uptake of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and investigated the mechanism underlying the stimulatory effect of polyunsaturated EFAs in comparison with monounsaturated oleic acid (OA). In palmitic acid (PA)-induced insulin resistant cells, the co-treatment of EFAs and OA with PA almost restored the PA-induced decrease in the basal and insulin-stimulated 2-NBDG (fluorescent D-glucose analogue) uptake, respectively. Two EFAs and OA significantly protected PA-induced suppression of insulin signaling, respectively, which was confirmed by the increased levels of Akt phosphorylation and serine/threonine kinases ($PKC{\theta}$ and JNK) dephosphorylation in the western blot analysis. In PA-untreated, control cells, the treatment of $500{\mu}M$ EFA significantly stimulated 2-NBDG uptake, whereas OA did not. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and one of its downstream molecules, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was markedly induced by EFA, but not OA. In addition, EFA-stimulated 2-NBDG uptake was significantly inhibited by the pre-treatment of a specific AMPK inhibitor, adenine 9-${\beta}$-D-arabinofuranoside (araA). These data suggest that the restoration of suppressed insulin signaling at PA-induced insulin resistant condition and AMPK activation are involved at least in the stimulatory effect of EFA on glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.1942-1947
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• 2014

국내에서 개량된 토종다래 품종인 오텀센스(Otumsense), 치악(Chiak), 스키니그린(Skinny green) 3가지 품종에서의 무기질은 K, P, Ca이 상대적으로 많이 검출되었고, 그중에서도 치악 품종의 총 무기성분 함량이 가장 높았다. 아미노산은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine 순으로 많이 함유되어 있으며, 무기성분과 마찬가지로 치악 품종에서 total essential amino acids와 total amino acids 함유량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 지방산 분석에서는 다양한 생리활성 효과가 보고되는 불포화지방산으로서 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid의 함유량이 가장 많았고 DHA도 일부 함유되는 것으로 나타났으며, 불포화지방산의 비율이 포화지방산 대비 70~85%에 달하였다. 유리당은 fructose와 glucose의 함량이 가장 높았고 3가지 품종 중 오텀센스 품종에서 가장 많은 유리당 함량을 보였다. 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_2$, niacin, 비타민 $B_6$, 비타민 C 및 ${\beta}$-carotene 분석 중 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_2$는 모든 품종에서 검출되지 않았고, niacin과 비타민 $B_6$는 스키니그린 품종에서 각각 1.55 mg/100 g, 1.92 mg/100 g으로 분석되었으며, 비타민 C 및 ${\beta}$-carotene은 오텀센스 품종에서 각각 47.18 mg/100 g, $3.82{\mu}g/100g$으로 분석되었다. 이상과 같이 국내산 토종다래 과육부의 영양화학 특성 분석결과를 고려하여 참다래(키위)와 비교했을 때, 특히 비타민 함유량이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 연구에 활용된 품종에 따라 일정 수준에서 그 함유량에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었고, 재배 지역에 따른 차이를 비교해보기 위해서는 서로 다른 지역에서 재배된 동일 품종을 향후 분석할 필요가 있을 것이다. 결과적으로 물리적 취식 편의성과 영양화학 특성에서 참다래(키위)에 비해 동일하거나 우수한 국내산 토종 다래 품종의 고부가가치 식품과 소재로의 활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었고, 이는 국내 개량 고유 자원의 산업 경쟁력 확보에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

자주복 유어의 필수지방산 요구 및 사료중의 적정함량을 규명하기 위하여, 평균체중 3.45g의 유어를 사용하여 사육실험을 실시하였다. 8주간의 사육실험의 결과, 성장은 실험개시 4주부터 실험구들 사이에 차이가 보여 실험 종료시에는 $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA 실험구가 다른 실험구에 비교하여 우세한 성장을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, EPA, DHA 및 n-3 HUFA 실험구 사이에 효율성의 비교에서 EPA$1\%$ EPA실험구는 사료중에 $0.5\%$에서 $1\%$로 지방산을 증량시킴에 의해 첨가효과가 인정되었으나, DHA와 n-3 HUFA실험구는 EPA실험구와 상이하게 $1\%$ DHA실험구에서 급격한 성장의 저하와 $1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구에서는 성장의 정체가 나타났다. 실험기간동안에 생잔률은 $73\~93\%$의 범위로 지방산과의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 사료효율은 n-3 HUFA실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA실험구에서 높았고, $1\%$ LNA실험구는 $0.5\~1\%$ EPA실험구와 $0.3\%$ DHA실험구와의 차이가 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, 유어기의 자주복은 EPA나 DHA등의 n-3 HUFA를 필수지방산으로 요구함이 사료되며, 사료중의 $0.5\%$ 정도의 HUFA 또는 $0.5\%$ DHA가 적정함량으로 추측된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.609-616
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary low grade soybean, fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (FSB 1) or Bacillus subtilis var. natto (FSB 2), on egg production and quality, fat and cholesterol content, and the fatty acid (FA) profile of eggs by lipid layer. A total of 18 Hi-Line strain layers, 22 wk of age, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: no fermented soybean (control), control with 15% FSB 1 (C + FSB 1), and control with 15% FSB 2 (C + FSB 2). The rate of egg production and egg weight were evaluated between two periods: one was from the 1st to 4th wk and the other was from the 5th to 8th wk. At the 8th wk, a total of 30 eggs were randomly selected from each treatment group and analyzed for physical quality, fat content, fatty acid composition and cholesterol content. The results showed that egg production was increased in hens fed with diets containing fermented soybeans from the 5th to 8th wk period (p<0.01). A similar tendency was observed through eight weeks' cumulative egg production (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in egg production between the C + FSB 1 and C + FSB 2 treatment groups (p>0.05). Egg weight and other physical properties did not vary between treatment groups (p>0.05). Egg yolks among different treatment groups were similar in fat content, but egg yolks in the C + FSB 1 and C + FSB 2 groups had lower oleic acid (p<0.05), higher linoleic, ${\alpha}$-linolenic, and arachidonic acids (p<0.01), and lower cholesterol content (p<0.05) than those in the control group. In conclusion, supplementation of fermented low grade soybeans might be useful as a functional feedstuff to improve egg production and quality for a healthy human diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1161-1171
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• 2019

Objective: The current study aimed to replace soybean oil in broiler diets with linseed oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acid supplemented with pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and measured its effect on broiler performance, carcass traits, lipid profile, as well as fatty acids composition, phenols and flavonoids content of broiler muscles and immunity of broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 300 1-day-old Cobb chicks were randomly allotted into six experimental groups, T1 fed on basal diet with soybean oil without any additives, T2 fed on basal diet with soybean oil with addition of 0.5 g/kg diet PPE, T3 fed on fed on basal diet with soybean oil with addition of 1 g/kg diet PPE, T4 fed on basal diet with linseed oil without any additives, T5 fed on basal diet with linseed oil with addition of 0.5 g/kg diet PPE and T6 fed on basal diet with linseed oil with addition of 1 g/kg diet PPE. The PPE supplementation with 0.05% improved final body weight with either soybean oil ration or linseed oil ration. Results: The PPE improved carcass dressing percentage in comparison with the control groups. Body fat levels decreased with increasing PPE levels, especially with a linseed oil diet. Replacing soybean oil with linseed oil decreased the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in broiler serum. The PPE supplementation decreased serum total cholesterol levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The content of the breast muscle alpha linolenic acid improved after replacement of soybean oil with linseed oil in broiler diets. PPE supplementation increased the phenol and flavonoid content in broiler meat and increased lysozyme activity. Conclusion: Replacing soybean oil with linseed oil in broiler diets with the addition of PPE enriched muscle meat with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants and improved broiler immunity and their serum lipid profile.