• 대한본초학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was to analyze the content changes of ${\beta}$-asarone and ${\alpha}$-asarone in A. gramineus according to its parts, extraction method, and fermentation. Methods: The change of ${\beta}$-asarone and ${\alpha}$-asarone was analysed with GC/MS, IR, and NMR. Results: In A. gramineus, ${\beta}$-asarone and ${\alpha}$-asarone in rhizome are 7 times and 4 times more than those in leaves respectively. And, in water extract of Acori Graminei Rhizoma, ${\beta}$-asarone was reduced to 77.8%-83.5%, and ${\alpha}$-asarone was reduced to 69.4%-72.2% compared with 50% MeOH extract. The amounts of ${\beta}$-asarone and ${\alpha}$-asarone were decreased apparently by 1 and 3 weeks fermantation with yeast activated solution. Conclusions: There was a change in the content of asarone pursuant to the medicinal part, extraction solvent, and fermentation. This result can be used as the basic data contributing to the stability of A. gramineus according to an appropriate clinical application.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2014

${\alpha}$-Asarone exhibits a number of pharmacological actions including neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anticonvulsive, and cognitive enhancing action. The present study investigated the effects of ${\alpha}$-asarone on pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA, microglial activation, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and on learning and memory deficits in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Varying doses of ${\alpha}$-asarone was orally administered (7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) once a day for 3 days before the LPS (3 mg/kg) injection. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNA at 4 and 24 hours after the LPS injection at dose of 30 mg/kg. At 24 hours after the LPS injection, the loss of CA1 neurons, the increase of TUNEL-labeled cells, and the up-regulation of BACE1 expression in the hippocampus were attenuated by 30 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-asarone treatment. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced Iba1 protein expression in the hippocampal tissue at a dose of 30 mg/kg. ${\alpha}$-Asarone did not reduce the number of Iba1-expressing microglia on immunohistochemistry but the average cell size and percentage areas of Iba1-expressing microglia in the hippocampus were significantly decreased by 30 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-asarone treatment. In the Morris water maze test, ${\alpha}$-asarone significantly prolonged the swimming time spent in the target and peri-target zones. ${\alpha}$-Asarone also significantly increased the number of target heading and memory score in the Morris water maze. The results suggest that inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in the hippocampus by ${\alpha}$-asarone may be one of the mechanisms for the ${\alpha}$-asarone-mediated ameliorating effect on memory deficits.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.279-284
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 UPLC를 이용하여 석창포의 기원종을 비교하기 위하여 4종 창포류(A. gramineus, A. tatarinowii, A. calamus, Anemone altaica)의 ${\alpha}$-asarone과 ${\beta}$-asarone의 함량 분석을 실시하였고, 분석법 validation은 ICH 지침에 따라 검증하였다. 창포류 4종에 대한 함량분석에서는 모든 시료에 대해 2% 이하의 상대 표준편차를 나타내었고, ${\beta}$-asarone의 함량은 석창포, 중국석창포, 창포, 구절창포 순으로 나타났으며, ${\alpha}$-asarone은 창포, 중국 석창포, 석창포 순으로 나타났다. 특히, 구절창포에서는 ${\beta}$-asarone이 미량이었고, ${\alpha}$-asarone는 검출되지 않았다. PCA 분석에서도 4종의 창포류가 네 그룹으로 나누어 지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같이, 본 실험 결과를 통하여 석창포, 중국 석창포, 창포 및 구절창포를 명확히 구별할 수 있었고, 석창포의 품질평가에 응용할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.198-202
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• 2009

Based on the use of Acorus gramineus SOLAND (AG) for the treatment of stroke in traditional Korean medicine, the present study was carried out to evaluate neuroprotective effects of ${\alpha}$-asarone after transient global cerebral ischemia using rat 4-vessel occlusion (4VO) model in rats. ${\alpha}$-Asarone (5 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally significantly protected CA1 neurons against 10 min transient forebrain ischemia as demonstrated by measuring the density of neuronal cells stained with Cresyl violet. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal cell death by 85.2% where as its isolated single compounds from AG compared with a vehicle-treated group.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2011

식의약소재로서 석창포의 활용성을 조사하고자 석창포 추출물의 모기에 대한 기피효과를 시험한 결과 모기를 방사한 장소에서 추출물에 노출된 공간으로 이동한 모기 마리수 비율은 추출물을 함유하지 않은 공간으로 이동한 모기 마리수 비율에 대비하여 현저하게 낮았다. 또한, 방사한 공간에 남아 있는 모기 마리수 비율은 석창포 추출물을 함유하지 않은 공간으로 이동한 모기 마리수 비율에 비해 낮았다. 이는 모기가 석창포 추출물을 기피하는 경향에서 비롯된 결과임을 의미하였다. 석창포 추출물의 모기기피 활성성분을 조사하고자 추출물을 GC/MS 분석한 결과 주요 성분은 ${\beta}$-asarone으로 밝혀졌다. 시판중인 asarone을 이용하여 기피실험을 실시한 결과 ${\alpha}$-asarone과 ${\beta}$-asarone 모두 기피활성을 보였으며 ${\beta}$-asarone이 ${\alpha}$-asarone에 비해 기피활성이 높았다. 이러한 결과는 석창포 추출물이 친환경적으로 모기를 제어하기 위한 식의약소재로 활용될 수 있음을 의미하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1099-1112
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dyslipidemia causes metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis and fatty liver syndrome due to abnormally high blood lipids. Purple perilla frutescens extract (PPE) possesses various bioactive compounds such as α-asarone, chlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid. This study examined whether PPE and α-asarone improved dyslipidemia-associated inflammation and inhibited atheroma formation in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice, an experimental animal model of atherosclerosis. MATERIALS/METHODS: ApoE-deficient mice were fed on high cholesterol-diet (Paigen's diet) and orally administrated with 10-20 mg/kg PPE and α-asarone for 10 wk. RESULTS: The Paigen's diet reduced body weight gain in apoE-deficient mice, which was not restored by PPE or α-asarone. PPE or α-asarone improved the plasma lipid profiles in Paigen's diet-fed apoE-deficient mice, and despite a small increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and very LDL were significantly reduced. Paigen's diet-induced systemic inflammation was reduced in PPE or α-asarone-treated apoE-deficient mice. Supplying PPE or α-asarone to mice lacking apoE suppressed aorta atherogenesis induced by atherogenic diet. PPE or α-asarone diminished aorta accumulation of CD68- and/or F4/80-positive macrophages induced by atherogenic diet in apoE-deficient mice. Treatment of apoE-deficient mice with PPE and α-asarone resulted in a significant decrease in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein level and an increase in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reduced by supply of Paigen's diet. Supplementation of PPE and α-asarone enhanced the transcription of hepatic apoA1 and SR-B1 reduced by Paigen's diet in apoE-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS: α-Asarone in PPE inhibited inflammation-associated atheroma formation and promoted hepatic HDL-C trafficking in dyslipidemic mice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2014

We investigated the anxiolytic-like activity of ${\alpha}$-asarone (AAS) from Acorus gramineus in an experimental rat model of anxiety induced by repeated administration of the exogenous stress hormone corticosterone (CORT). The putative anxiolytic effect of AAS was studied in behavioral tests of anxiety, such as the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and the hole-board test (HBT) in rats. For 21 consecutive days, male rats received 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg AAS (i.p.) 30 min prior to a daily injection of CORT. Dysregulation of the HPA axis in response to the repeated CORT injections was confirmed by measuring serum levels of CORT and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Daily AAS (200 mg/kg) administration increased open-arm exploration significantly in the EPM test, and it increased the duration of head dipping activity in the HBT. It also blocked the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) and decreased mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB, in the hippocampus. These results indicated that the administration of AAS prior to high-dose exogenous CORT significantly improved anxiety-like behaviors, which are associated with modification of the central noradrenergic system and with BDNF function in rats. The current finding may improve understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for changes in emotions induced by repeated administration of high doses of CORT or by elevated levels of hormones associated with chronic stress. Thus, AAS did exhibit an anxiolytic-like effects in animal models of anxiety.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.737-744
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• 1998

The rhizomes of the Acorus gramineus Soland have been used as sedatives, analgesics, stomachics and anthelmintics in chinese medicine. It is known that the rhizomes of the Acorus gramineus Soland contains the essential oil about 0.5~0.8% and this essential oil contains asarone about 86%. The asarone possess many pharmacological properties similar to those of reserpine and chlorpromazine. Sedative and analgesic effects of essential oil of Acorus gramineus Solaad in mouse was observed. The essential oil of Acorus gramineus Soland decreased the frequency of ambulation on mouse in proportion of concentration. ${\alpha}_2$ receptor antagonist(yohimbine hydrochloride) and opioids receptor antagonist(naloxone hydrochloride) were markedly decreased in frequency of ambulation. The essential oil of Acorus gramineus Soland decreased writhing syndrome in mouse and ${\alpha}_2$ receptor antagonist(yohimbine hydrochloride), opioids receptor antagonist(naloxone hydrochloride) were not increased above effects. In conclusion, these experimental results show that the essential oil of Acorus gramineus Soland have sedative and analgesic effects, but it did not antagonized ${\alpha}_2$ receptor antagonist(yohimbine hydrochloride) and opioids receptor antagonist(naloxone hydrochloride).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1547-1553
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• 2011

An effective analytical method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the rapid determination of essential oils in the crude extract of Acorus species (Acorus gramineus, Acorus tatarinowii, and Acorus calamus). Major phenypropanoids (${\beta}$,${\alpha}$-asarone isomers, euasarone, and methyleugenol) and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene in Acorus species were used as marker compounds and determined for the quality control of herbal medicines. To extract marker compounds, various extraction techniques such as solvent immersion, mechanical shaking, and sonication were compared, and the greatest efficiency was observed with sonication extraction using petroleum ether. The dynamic range of the GC/MS method depended on the specific analyte; acceptable quantification was obtained between 10 and 2000 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\beta}$-asarone, 10 and 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\alpha}$-asarone, 10 and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ for methyleugenol, and between 5 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\beta}$-caryophyllene. The method was deemed satisfactory by inter- and intra-day validation and exhibited both high accuracy and precision, with a relative standard deviation < 10%. Overall limits of detection were approximately 0.34-0.83 ${\mu}g/mL$, with a standard deviation (${\sigma}$)-to-calibration slope (s) ratio (${\sigma}$/s) of 3. The limit of quantitation in our experiments was approximately 1.13-3.20 ${\mu}g/mL$ at a ${\sigma}$/s of 10. On the basement of method validation, 20 samples of Acorus species collected from markets in Korea were monitored for the quality control. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed on the analytical data of 20 different Acorus species samples in order to classify samples that were collected from different regions.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2013

Objectives : ${\beta}$-Asarone (BAS) is an active ingredient in Acori Rhizoma. This study investigated anti-neuroinflammatory and memory ameliorating effects of BAS in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Methods : BAS was administered orally at doses of 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg for 3 days prior to LPS (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) injection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA, including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-ㅍ), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6, was measured in hippocampus tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction at 4 h after the LPS injection. An ameliorating effect of 30 mg/kg BAS on learning and memory impairment in the LPS-treated mice was verified using the Morris water maze test. Results : BAS significantly attenuated up-regulation of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 mRNA in hippocampus tissue of the LPS-treated mice. In acquisition training test, BAS improved learning performance of the LPS-treated mice with a significant decrease of escape latency to the platform. In memory retention test, BAS also ameliorated memory impairment of the LPS-treated mice with a significant increase of swimming time in zones neighboring to the platform, number of target heading, and memory score. Conclusion : The results suggest that inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus by BAS could be one of the mechanisms for BAS-mediated ameliorating effect on learning and memory impairment in LPS-treated mice.