In the previous article in this series we introduced the basic concepts for statistical analysis. The present review introduces hypothesis testing for continuous and categorical data for readers of the veterinary science literature. For the analysis of continuous data, we explained t-test to compare a single mean with a hypothesized value and the difference between two means from two independent samples or between two means arising from paired samples. When the data are categorical variables, the $x^2$ test for association and homogeneity, Fisher's exact test and Yates' continuity correction for small samples, and test for trend, in which at least one of the variables is ordinal is described, together with the worked examples. McNemar test for correlated proportions is also discussed. The topics covered may provide a basic understanding of different approaches for analyzing clinical data.

The Artemisia capillaris THUNB is a perennial herb that belongs to the family Compositae spp. and probably the most common plant among the various herbal folk remedies being used in the treatment of abdominal pain, hepatitis, chronic liver disease, jaundice and coughing in Korea. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Artemisia capillaris extracts on the amounts of splenocytes-derived cytokine ($TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-10). In in vivo experimental tests using 210 ICR mice with Hepa-1c1c7 or sarcoma 180 cancer line, splenocytes derived cytokine contents were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the Hepa-1c1c7 and Sarcoma 180 inoculated vehicle controls, HP and SP, compared to those of the intact vehicle control on both the $28^{th}$ day and the $42^{nd}$ day, respectively. However, these decreases of $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-10 levels induced by tumor inoculations were significantly (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) inhibited by mACH (Artemisia capillaris methanol extracts) treatment regardless of the type of experiments and tumor cells inoculated. The results suggest that Artemisia capillaris methanol extracts have prominent anti-inflammation effects on the cancer cell lines Hepa-1c1c7 and Sarcoma 180.

This study was performed to investigate the changes of the serological parameters of the rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diets with or without quercetin supplement for five weeks. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats ($152.1{\pm}17.0\;g$ of body weight) were randomly divided into three groups with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the control(C) group were fed the high fat and high cholesterol diet containing 15% lard, 2% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate (w/w). Rats in two treatment groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 0.25% quercetin (Q-0.25) or 0.5% quercetin (Q-0.5) on the weight to weight basis, respectively. The final body weight, gain of body weight, the amount of feed intake and the feed efficiency of rats in between control and treatment groups were not significantly different. Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio of rats showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherogenic index(AI) of rats in both Q-0.25 and Q-0.5 groups were significantly lower than in C group (p < 0.05). However serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly higher in both Q-0.25 and Q-0.5 groups than in C group (p < 0.05). The levels of triglyceride in sera of rats showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. The values of AST and ALT in sera of rats showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. Therefore the supplementation of quercetin to high fat and high cholesterol diet in rats was effective in reducing the levels of serum lipids to cause cardiovascular diseases and in elevating the level of HDL-C to protect cardiovascular diseases.

개의 림프종을 분자유전자학적으로 진단하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 12개의 염색 및 고정된 도말 표본으로부터 DNA를 추출한 후, 임파육종에 특이적인 재배열된 항원 수용체 유전자를 중합효소연쇄반응으로 증폭시켰다. 그 결과 6개의 type-B 림프종에서 type-B 세포의 림프종에 특이적인 IgH (immunoglobulin H) 주유전자(major gene)와 type-B 림프종의 부유전자(minor gene)가 증폭되었다. 또한, 3개의 type-T 세포의 림프종의 경우에도 이에 특이적인 $TCR{\gamma}$ 유전자가 증폭되었다. 한편, 에를리키아증에 이환된 표본은 $TCR{\gamma}$ 유전자가 위양성으로 증폭되었지만, 활성화된 림프절 샘플의 경우에는 어떤 유전자의 재배열도 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 림프종의 진단에 있어서 혈액 또는 조직 도말 표본의 DNA를 이용하여 재배열된 항원 수용체 유전자의 검출을 시도한다면, 특이적이고 객관적으로 림프종을 감별진단 할 수 있을 것이며, 나아가 회고적 분석에도 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

There were outbreaks of canine distemper in Korea from the late 1990's to the early 2000's even though modified live CDV vaccines had been used as the same way as before. The present study was undertaken to investigate the levels of neutralizing antibodies in the Korean dog population, and the factors associated with the levels, with special reference to the vaccination history of the dogs. A total of 772 serum samples were from clinically healthy dogs with over one year old throughout the Korea from January 2003 to April 2004. Details on the sex, breed, age, vaccination status and disease histories were recorded. The level of neutralizing antibodies titer was determined with a modified version of the microneutralization test. Titers over 16 were classified as protective CDV antibody titers. The overall rate of adult dogs with protective antibody titers was 96.0%. The dogs with protective antibody titers varied depending on age, sex, rearing environment and vaccination status. Because the majority of healthy adult dogs in Korea had adequate serum antibody titers against CDV and the immunity provided by the vaccinations is claimed to last for several years, annual revaccination protocol for CDV in adult dogs should be reconsidered.

Cadherin-catenin 복합체의 파괴는 ${\beta}$-catenin 단백질의 발현 위치 이상(세포내 이동)을 유발하며, 일부 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)의 활성화가 cadherin-catenin 복합체의 파괴를 유발할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 ${\beta}$-catenin의 발현 위치 이상을 나타낸 개 피부 흑색종 조직 18개에서 MET/RON RTKs의 발현양을 평가하였다. 실험 결과 총 28%의 종양조직에서 MET/RON RTKs의 발현증가가 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 개 피부 흑색종에서 MET/RON RTKs의 발현증가가 ${\beta}$-catenin의 위치이상에 부분적으로 관여할 가능성을 제시한다.

High levels of inflammatory cytokines were proposed contributors to the pathogenesis of a various inflammatory skin disorders. Therefore, investigating the immune response of the inflammatory skin disorder allows a better understanding of pathogenesis of a various inflammatory skin disorders and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to analyze of the immune response in dogs with chronic inflammatory skin disease. To this aim, the present study evaluated relative mRNA expression of canine $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, $TGF-{\beta}$ and IL-10 using TaqMan realtime PCR assays and semi-quantitative RT-PCR in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from twenty dogs with chronic inflammatory skin disease and ten normal dogs. The relative mRNA expression levels of IL-4 mRNA were significantly higher in dogs with chronic inflammatory skin disease than those in normal dogs (P < 0.01). The results of present study also showed a tendency towards increased expression of IL-10 transcripts in dogs with chronic inflammatory skin disease. However, there were no significant differences in the levels $IFN-{\gamma},\;TGF-{\beta}$ between normal and chronically inflammed dogs. In addition, the concentration of serum IgE was significantly increased in dogs with chronic inflammatory skin disease compared with those in normal dogs (P < 0.01). In histopathological examination, we found that there were markedly increased mast cell counts in chronically inflammed dogs (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin disease might be associated with a T-cell mediated inflammatory responses characterized by a Th2-skewed immune response. Based on these results, the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory skin disease.

허혈/재관류 손상은 장기이식 분야에서 해결해야 할 주요 문제점으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 대퇴 동,정맥 부위에서 기존의 혈관 문합법 대신 맥관 connector를 이용하여 간단하면서 효과적인 체외 재관류 모델을 개발하였기에 소개하고자 한다. 개발된 모델이 허혈/재관류 손상연구에 효과적인지 알아보기 위해 혈액 동력학적 평가와 신장의 재관류 후 손상 양상을 분석하였다. 기존의 재관류 모델에서 사용되는 문합 부위인 복강 대동맥의 혈압과 본 연구에서 재관류 부위로 활용된 대퇴동맥의 혈압은 유의적 차이가 없었다. 허혈 손상 후 재관류 효과를 알아보기 위해 미니돼지에서 적출한 신장을 HTK 용액에 24, 48시간 동안 각각 저온보관 후 대퇴부에 이식하여 재관류 한 결과, 신장의 재관류까지 수술시간은 평균 $7.0{\pm}1.1$분 소요되었으며, 3시간 재관류 후 재관류 손상 정도는 저온보관시간에 따라 증가되는 것이 확인되었다. 이는 개발된 모델이 맥관 문합 없이 간단한 관류방법이면서도 기존의 복잡한 수술에 의한 재관류 방법과 유사한 손상 모델을 만들 수 있는 효과적인 허혈/재관류 동물모델이라는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 신장 재관류 모델은 초기 허혈/재관류 손상 연구와 장기이식에서 이식면역연구에 효과적인 모델이라 사료된다.

이식분야에서 University of Wisconsin (UW)용액과 Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate (HTK)용액은 장기 보존액으로 주로 이용되고 있다. 바이오 장기 동물모델인 미니돼지를 이용하여 신장 저온보존에서 발생하는 허혈손상을 비교함으로써 각 보존액의 효용성을 검토하고자 하였다. 이 연구에서는 12마리의 미니돼지가 이용되었으며, 각 6마리씩 무작위로 선별하여 UW군(n = 6)과 HTK군(n = 6) 두 군으로 나누었다. 미니돼지의 신장을 적출, 세척, 각각 저온 보관(0, 24, 48, 72시간, $4^{\circ}C$) 후에 조직학적 평가를 실시하였다. 저온보관시간이 증가할수록 신장의 손상이 증가하였다. 저온보관 24시간까지는 UW와 HTK용액의 저온보관 효과는 유사하였지만, 48시간 이후에는 HTK 용액의 저온보관손상이 증가하였다. 따라서, 미니돼지 신장의 저온 보존액은 UW 용액이 효과적이며 특히 장기간 보존에 적합한 용액으로 사료된다.

This study evaluated the efficacy of topical eprinomectin (0.5% pour-on solution, $Eprinex^{(R)}$, Merial) against Chorioptes texanus (C texanus) infestation in dairy cows reared in Korea. Dairy cows naturally infected with C texanus showed skin lesions as alopecia, erythema, excoriations and crusts on the tail head, the caudal folds, the back of udder and the rump area. Fourteen adult Holstein dairy cows with chorioptic mange at National Institute of Animal Science were selected on the basis of gross lesion and microscopic examination. Experimental dairy cows infected with chorioptic mange were treated with eprinomectin ($Eprinex^{(R)}$, Merial, France) at the rate of 1 ml /10 kg/BW. Evaluation of therapeutic effect is based on mite counts and gross lesion at weekly interval for 6 weeks. Milk yields were measured every day and calculate at the mean of milk yield at weekly interval. Mange mites absolutely removed after 1 week of topical eprinomectin against C. texanus infestation on dairy cows. The skin lesion of dairy cows infested with C. texanus recovered normal status after 6 weeks of eprinomectin treatment. After eprinomectin treatment, return to the normal level of milk yields in diary cows infested with C. texanus has indirectly indicated that C. texanus infestation have negative effect on productivity of dairy farm. However, it would be suggested that the investigation of actual condition and the effective control method of C. texanus infestation of dairy farms in Korea should be studied in the future.

The present study was conducted to investigate the capsular serogroups and distribution of toxA gene of Pasteurella (P.) multocida isolated from pneumonic lung lesions of swine in Korea. A total number of 91 (36.3%) P. multocida isolated from 251 lung lesions. P. multocida isolates were typed for capsular serogroup and toxA gene by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 91 strains, serogroup A and D were 69 strains (75.8%) and 22 strains (24.2%), respectively. Sixty one strains (67.0%) out of 91 strains were detected as toxA gene, and 47 strains (77.0%) and 14 strains (23.0%) belongs to serogroup A and D, respectively.

A swine farm located in the Kyungpook province (designated as farm D that have been suffering from PED for several years was selected to study the etiology and the outbreak pattern of PED by clinical and laboratory examinations. Clinical examination indicated that sows exhibited signs of mastitis resulting in an inadequate transfer of lactogenic immunity against PEDV to newborn piglets. Furthermore, serological tests revealed that all sow groups and their piglets had low levels of anti-PEDV antibody. These data suggest that improper vaccination program has been indeed performed in this farm. Remarkably, despite no symptoms of PED in weaners, the presence of PEDV was identified by RT-PCR from fecal samples of weaning piglets, indicating persistent PEDV circulation in the herd. Based on these results, the following basic control schemes were executed for the control of PEDV circulation in the farm; a) A quick removal of affected pigs and disinfection of affected sheds. b) restructuring of vaccination program and employment of consultant. c) prompt treatment of mastitis and removal of poor lactogenic sows, and d) enhancement of biosecurity of farrowing house by acquisition of additional space. We evaluated risk factors and implementation of control measures in two months and were unable to found any case related to PEDV infection. Taken together, our data indicate that the method described above is effective for the control of PED outbreak in farm persistently suffering from PEDV infection.

This report describes Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) with Abdominal Wall Defects (AWDs) on the sibling of Yorkshire terriers. The NTDs and AWDs are rare serious congenital defects. The NTDs are neurulation abnormality that results from to failed transformation of the neurual tube by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural plate. These dysraphic states range form mild to severe according to developmental malformation that include fusion defects of skull (crania bifida; CB) and fusion defects of vertebrae (spina bifida; SB). The AWDs are genetic defects that results from to failed formation of abdominal wall and cavity. These dysraphic states are omphalocele and gastroschisis. The 12-month dam was delivered by caesarian section and 4 littermate had obvious malformations. One male dead stillbirth fetus (L1) was revealed the extruded abdominal viscera, omphalocele. One female fetus (L2) was died within 1 hour after birth with defects of abdominal muscle upper umbilicus, gastroschisis. 3rd fetus (L3) was died within 36 hours after parturition and revealed a copious dermal and vertebral defects on the midline thorax, upper SB asperta. 4th fetus (L4) is still growing well now at 6 months but at the 2 week age, appears hairy nevus on the frontal cranium and dorsal thoracic portion. The radiograph of L1 and L2 are shown decrease bony density of calvarium and L3 was shown defect of spinose processes of the T9-T13. On our knowledge, this is first report of the SB and CB in Yorkshire terrier. And also sibling of NTDs with AWDs that has not previously been reported in the dog.

A 3-year old, female Cocker Spaniel dog was referred to Seoul National University Hospital for Animals with depression and vomiting. The dog was diagnosed as hypoadrenocorticism based on the typical electrolyte alteration and the result of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. Initial treatment with oral fludrocortisone at a dose rate of 0.02 mg/kg/q24h for 6 weeks period was ineffective at maintaining serum electrolyte concentrations within normal limits. Although a dose rate of oral fludrocortisone was significantly increased up to 0.06 mg/kg/q24h during 24 weeks period, the treatment was still ineffective. Moreover, the patient showed side effects related to the glucocorticoid excess including PU/PD, weight gain and lipemia. After alternation with desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP, 2.2 mg/kg, IM) every 25 day, the clinical signs was disappeared and the electrolyte balance was maintain with no side effect. Therefore, DOCP may be suggested as an effective drug in canine hypoadrenocorticism uncontrolled with oral fludrocortisone.

Enucleation of a 9-year-old, spayed female Pekingese's right eye was scheduled because of recurrent eyeball rupture caused by chronic corneal ulcer and descemetocele. Scoliosis of the thoracic vertebra was observed on thoracic radiography. Complete blood count, electrolytes, serum chemistry profiles were within normal ranges except of alkaline phosphatase, which was markedly improved, compared with that of five months ago. Severe respiratory sinus arrhythmia was observed before induction of anesthesia, it disappeared after induction. Retrobulbar block was performed with 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine, 0.1% epinephrine combination (4 : 1 : 0.2 ratio of volume) before start of surgery. After retrobulbar block, heart rate decreased from 110 to 76 beats/min and sinus arrhythmia recurred. It was considered as oculocardiac reflex caused by increase of intraorbital pressure from retrobulbar block, atropine (0.025 mg/kg, IV) was administered and intermittent positive pressure ventilation was started. Three minutes after atropine administration, abnormal waveform of the electrocardiograph was appeared, it suspected as ventricular or supraventricular tachycardia, so lidocaine (2 mg/kg, IV) was administered. Then, heart rate was maintained around 130 beats/min, and the surgery was finished without the other problems. Although, retrobulbar block is performed to provide analgesia and to prevent oculocardiac reflex in ophthalmic surgery, occasionally it could induce oculocardiac reflex by infiltrated volume.

A 2-year-old, castrated male, Scottish fold cat was referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University (VMTH-SNU) for evaluation of acute bilateral blindness after general anesthesia. For dental prophylaxis in local animal hospital, general anesthesia had been induced with intravenous acepromazine and ketamine, and maintained with isoflurane after intubation. At VMTH-SNU on next day, complete blood count, electrolytes and serum chemistry values were within normal ranges. On neurologic examination, visual placing and postural reactions like as hopping, hemiwalking and wheelborrowing were reduced on right hindlimb. On ophthalmic examination, menace responses were absent on both eyes and pupillary light reflex (PLR) reduced on right eye, but other reflex and fundus were normal. Prednisolone (2 mg/kg sid for 3 days) was administrated orally and tapered. Visual placing was possible on 2nd day, and postural reactions were recovered on 4th day after dental prophylaxis. Based on the process and recovery, this case was considered as postoperative visual loss (POVL) after general anesthesia.

A 10-year-old, intact female Yorkshire terrier was presented with right side facial swelling for 3 days and periocular swelling had progressed over the last 24 hours. On physical examination, periocular and infraorbital swelling were observed around right maxillary region. Severe ocular discharge and protrusion of the 3rd eyelid were observed. The patient was diagnosed as periapical abscess around the root of right upper first molar based on the skull radiography. Affected tooth was extracted using closed technique. Systemic corticosteroid and antibiotic were administrated and topical corticosteroid/antibiotic combination was applied to the right eye six times a day for 10 days. Ten days after tooth extraction, clinical signs were disappeared completely.

An 8-year-old Thoroughbred mare showing anestrus for longer than 6 months with left ovarian mass was referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. For 6 months, the mare had received 2 times hormonal therapies with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and progesterone. The mare had not responded to these therapies and not shown estrous behavior. On rectal palpation, the left ovary was enlarged and contralateral ovary was small and inactive. Transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the left ovary revealed a mass composed of multiple, irregularly shaped follicles. Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) was suspected according to her history. Ovariectomy was performed through the left flank laparotomy with a standing position in a simple chute located outside of horse farm. The mass was diagnosed as GCT on histopathology. The mare was recovered without any problem and became pregnant next spring.

A 2-year-old Maltese and a 5-month-old Yorkshire terrier were presented with ataxia. Tetraparesis was observed in a 9-year -old Yorkshire terrier. The localizations of the lesions suggested brain or cervical spinal cord by the neurological examination, and the following images was achieved: radiography, axial images of computed tomography (CT), reconstruction image of CT such as multi-planar reformation(MPR) and 3-dimensional(3D) reconstruction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On radiography, the misalignment between atlas (C1) and axis (C2), absent dens of axis, and increased space between the dorsal arch of C1 and spinous process of C2 were found. The discontinuation between dens and body of C2 was identified through axial CT images, and the fragmentation of dens separated from axis was observed through MPR and 3D image in all case. The hyperintense lesions and the spinal cord compression on T2-weighted MR images were represented in a dog with tetraparesis, the others represented only spinal cord compression. Three dogs were diagnosed as atlantoaxial instability (AAI) by dens fracture of C2. The dog with tetraparesis was euthanized due to guarded prognosis. The others were recovered completely. It is difficult to differentiate dens fracture of C2 from abnormal dens such as agenesis and hypoplasia. We thought that CT is very useful to evaluate the dens of C2 and differentiate the causes of AAI, and the reconstruction images of CT such as MPR and 3D make the translation of the fragmented dens or axis of AAI more precisely evaluate.

A female, nine-month-old Rottweiler was presented with bilateral hind limbs lameness. Physical examination, survey radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. Oblique fracture of L6 vertebral body and abnormal alignment was observed in survey radiographs, CT, and MRI. No significant lesion was found in the intervertebral disc adjacent to fracture site. The patient was applied by bandage and medical management including corticosteroid administration was performed. The patient was able to walk after 4 weeks and prognosis was good.

A 12-year-old, female, Maltese dog was presented with otic signs, such as pruritus and malordorous discharge. Medical treatment of otitis externa had been carried out for several months at primary animal hospital. Radiography, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), fine needle aspiration (FNA), and histopathological examination were performed for the diagnosis of ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma. Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy were performed for excision of the tumor. Facial nerve paralysis developed after surgery is getting better through the acupuncture therapy.

An 1-year old male siberian tiger showing severe vomiting and blackish and frothy diarrhea for 3 days were dead in Seoul Zoo. Gross finding at necropsy were small amount of blood were found in abdominal cavity and intestine. In small and large intestine, there were necrosis and detachment epithelial cell of intestinal mucosa in histopathology. The presence of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) antigen was detected by PCR. In microbiology, E.coli and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from the stool. This case was diagnosed in death induced by FPV infection according to CBC, histopathology and PCR.

Primary renal cell tumors were described in four nonhuman primates (Erythrocebus patas, Macaca cyclopis, Mandrillus sphinx, and Macaca fascicularis) that have been kept for exhibition at Seoul Zoo. Histologically, all of them were renal adenoma. Each one was clear cell type and tubular type, respectively. The rest two were papillary type adenoma. Clear cell type adenoma was bilaterally affected.

This report deals with a 3-year-old male Yellow-crowned Amazon (Amazona orcrocephala) that died after twenty five days history of cloacal prolapse. On necropsy, multiple to occasionally coalescing well-demarcated tan nodules were scattered throughout the entire liver lobes. The nodules were firm and slightly elevated from the surface. The neoplastic nodules were also recognized on cut sections of the liver. Histologically, the nepatic nodules consisted of cuboidal to low columnar cells forming tubular to acinar pattern with marked desmoplasia. The neoplastic cells had small to moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm and round nucleus with one to two prominent nucleoli. Based on these results, hepatic nodules was diagnosed as primary cholangiocellular carcinoma.