Objective: The purpose of this case study was to investigate selective region high-frequency diathermy at trigger points with therapeutic exercises on pain, function, balance and gait in older patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis (DKO). Design: A case report. Methods: The patient who participated in this study was a 71-year-old woman, who had been diagnosed with moderate osteoarthritis with grade II Kellgren & Lawrence grading scale. The intervention consisted of selective region high-frequency diathermy at trigger points, with hip and knee stretching and strengthening exercises. The participant was given assessments before and after every intervention session using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and the 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT). The participant performed the intervention 18 times for a total of 30 minutes each. Results: As a result of this study, the patient VAS decreased to 3 points, and the WOMAC decreased to 53 points. In addition, the TUG decreased to 3.25 s and the 10MWT decreased to 1.14 s. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that selective region high-frequency diathermy at trigger points with therapeutic exercises may be an effective intervention to decrease pain, improve knee function, balance and gait in patients with DKO. The selective region high-frequency diathermy with therapeutic exercises may be feasible and provide potential benefits for rehabilitation of DKO.

Objective: The interest of clinicians is increasing due to the newly established medical insurance for pulmonary rehabilitation. Improvement of respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function is an important factor in pulmonary rehabilitation, and this study aims to investigate the correlation between changes in respiratory muscle contraction thickness that can affect respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Thirty-one subjects (male=13, female=18) participated in this study. The respiratory muscle strength was measured by dividing it into inspiratory/forced expiratory muscles, and the pulmonary function was measured by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. To evaluate the respiratory muscle length increase, in resting and concentric contraction thickness of diaphragm, external/internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis were measured by using ultrasonography. Results: Inspiratory muscle strength showed a significant correlation with the length increase of the inspiratory muscle (r=0.368~0.521, p<0.05), and forced expiratory muscle strength showed a significant correlation with length increase of forced expiratory muscle (r=0.356~0.455, p<0.05). However, pulmonary function was not correlated with the length increase of the respiratory muscle. Conclusions: In this study, a correlation between respiratory muscle strength and respiratory muscle length increase was confirmed, but no correlation with the pulmonary function was found. It is considered that the respiratory muscle strength can be improved by increasing the respiratory muscle thickness through appropriate respiratory muscle training.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of taping technique applied to knee instability. Design: Cross sectional study. Methods: Twenty-six participants with knee instabilityparticipated in this study. They were randomly assigned to the Kinesio taping (KT) group (n=13) and the dynamic taping (DT) group (n=13). Both groups applied knee stabilization taping techniques. In order to compare the effects of each taping technique, the change in the landing error scoring system (LESS) and lower extremity joint angle wasrecorded before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups significantly decreased in the change before and after the LESS (p<0.05). At the joint angle of the lower extremities, KT group significantly reduced the valgus angle at the max knee flexion (p<0.05). In DT group knee joint flexion and hip joint flexion angles were significantly increased at foot contact (p<0.05). In max knee flexion, the knee joint flexion angle was significantly increased (p<0.05). In foot contact, max knee flexion, the knee joint valgus angle was significantly increased (p<0.05). DT group showed more significant changes in knee joint flexion angle at foot contact and hip joint flexion angle at max knee flexion. Conclusions: Dynamic taping is a clinically applicable intervention method for lowering the risk of non-contact injury in participants with knee instability and for knee stability during rehabilitation exercises.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of coordinative locomotor training(CLT) using elastic bands on dynamic balance and grip strength for Elementary school baseball players and to provide correct posture guidance and reference on the prevention and rehabilitation program of sports damage and injury in the future. Design: Two groups pre-post randomized controlled design. Methods: Forty-six subjects were randomly divided in two groups;1) CLT using Elastic Band group(Experimental group, n=23), 2) Routine baseball training group(Control group, n=23). The intervention was conducted total 16 times for sixty minutes a day, 2 times a week, for 8 weeks. Evaluations of dynamic balance ability and grip strength were performed with all subjects before the commencement of training and 8 weeks after training. Results: Compared to the control group after training, the dynamic balance ability and dominant handgrip strength of the experimental group were significantly more improved(p<0.05). Conclusions: We confirmed that the effects of CLT using elastic bands on dynamic balance ability and grip strength in Elementary school baseball player. This study should be used for improving the quality of the Elementary school baseball player's training and would be contributed prevention and rehabilitation program of sports damage and injury.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of personalized complex aerobic training programs using wearable device on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in community based female elderly. Design: One group pre-post intervention study. Methods: Twenty-one older female participants lived in 'D' city were included. The personalized complex aerobic training program using wearable devices was applied to all participants for 4 weeks, 3 times a week, 30 minutes for per session. The participants' blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration rate, submaximal exercise stress test, pulmonary function test and respiratory muscle strength test were evaluated before and after the complex training program. Results: After intervention, resting diastolic blood pressure, resting systolic blood pressure and the systolic blood pressure after submaximal exercise stress test were significantly decreased over time (p<0.05), and the submaximal exercise stress test duration were significantly increased over time (p<0.05). The maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) was significantly increased compare to before the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that personalized complex training program using wearable device can provide personalized exercise intensity according to cardiopulmonary function that give feedback, and these interventions have a significant effect on improving the cardiovascular and respiratory system functions of the female elderly in the community dwelling.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-dimensional posture correction(3DPC) exercise program incorporating PNF respiratory muscle strengthening(RMS) exercise on spinal alignment and trunk expansion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis and the difference in intervention effect by type of idiopathic scoliosis. Design: Comparative study using paired t-test and analysis of variance measures. Methods: The subjects of this study were 5 men and 24 women diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis with a Cobb angle greater than 10 degrees and less than 45 degrees. A 3DPC exercise program incorporating PNF RMS exercise was conducted twice a week for 1 hour per session for 6 weeks, and Cobb angle, Angle of trunk rotation, and trunk expansion were measured before and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, Cobb angle and trunk rotation angle showed a statistically significant decrease, and trunk expansion showed a statistically significant increase. In the effect difference by type, there was a statistically significant difference in the angle of trunk rotation of the thoracic in 3C and Single Lumbar. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is thought that a 3DPC exercise program incorporating PNF RMS exercise can be effectively used in clinical practice to improve spinal alignment and trunk expansion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the difference in mask filters on the respiration rate of healthy people. Design: A randomized cross-over design. Methods: A total of 15 subjects were selected for this study (n=15). After filling out the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, the selected participants abstained from caffeinated beverages and meals 30 minutes before and sat in a chair 10 minutes before stabilizing their breathing. Afterwards, the lung function test was performed 3 times for each mask, and the maximum value was used. The provided masks were Mask Free, Dental Mask, KF80, and KF94. Exhalation was measured for 6 seconds for each mask, and breathing was stabilized by repeating inhalation and exhalation until the next time. Results: In this study, the difference in respiratory function according to the mask type was statistically significant except for FEV1 and FVC (p<0.05). As a result of post-hoc analysis, FVC, FEV1, PEF, and FEF values were significantly lower than those of the control group not wearing a mask (p<0.05). When wearing KF94, FVC, FEV1, PEF25-25%, and FEF were significantly lower than when wearing a dental mask (p<0.05). When wearing a KF80 mask, it was significantly lower in FVC and FEV1 than when wearing a dental mask (p<0.05). In FEV1/FVC, the difference by mask type was not statistically significant (p<0.05), but it was lower than the spirometry standard of COPD patients (FEV1/FVC<0.7). Conclusions: As Now that wearing a mask is essential, it has been confirmed that the mask affects the respiratory rate.Therefore, in the case of healthy adults, it is recommended to rest after wearing a mask if attention deficit or headache occurs. People with low breathing capacity are recommended to have low-intensity activities and frequent rest periods after wearing a mask.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to observe the change in the thickness of abdominal muscles when electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is applied to the abdomen during rest and abdominal muscle exercise to investigate the effect of EMS applied to the abdomen on the superficial and deep muscles thickness. Design: Cross sectional design. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study. Subjects were performed resting position, resting position with EMS, curl-up and curl-up with EMS. The electrode of the EMS belt is attached to the abdominal wall between the 12th rib and iliac crest. The thickness of abdominal muscles including rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transverse abdominis (TrA) were captured in each position by ultrasound image during expiration. All subjects were performed four positions randomly. Data were analyzed using repeated ANOVA with the level of significance set at 𝛼=0.05. Results: The muscle thickness of RA, EO, IO and TrA were significantly different at each position (p<0.05). The thickness of all abdominal muscles increased significantly when curl-up than curl-up with EMS. Both RA and EO thickness were significantly increased at resting position than resting position and EMS were combined(p<0.05). But IO and TrA thickness were decreased at resting position when EMS were combined. Conclusions: The results suggest that EMS activates superficial abdominal muscles RA and EO. Therefore, abdominal strengthening exercise combined EMS can activate abdominal muscles and can be applied to various patients and rehabilitation in clinical practice.

Objective: Studies confirming the lumber spine kinematics of direct or indirect segmental mobility under the application of joint mobilization, which induces passive force on the spine, are insufficient.Therefore, this study aims to obtain the underlying clinical data by identifying direct or indirect segmental mobility produced by Maitland's PA mobilization technique. Design: Randomized controlled trial design. Methods: Thirty subjects with no back pain participated in this study. X-ray testing equipment (SIG-40-525, Ecoray Inc., Korea) was used to verify the segmented movement of their lumbar. Joint mobilization was performed by physiotherapists with more than 10 years of experience in prescription therapy, and radiography was performed once without PA joint mobilization and once without the mobilization for comparing the lumbar vertebrae before and after the mobilization. The radiographs taken were analyzed using the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) program to measure the spinal displacement, intervertebral height, intervertebral angle, and lumbar lordosis angle. Results: Significant differences were observed in the lumbar displacement, intervertebral angle, and lumbar lordosis angle in all lumbar vertebrae before and after the mobilization. The intervertebral height indicated significant differences in all ventral vertebrae and only in L3-L4 and L4-L5 in dorsal vertebrae. Conclusions: This study suggests that the segmental mobility produced through indirect approaches plays an important role in inducing therapeutic effects in patients with back pain.

Objective: This study analyzed the correlation between uni-standing balance ability, jumping ability, and anaerobic lower extremity power of high school Taekwondo players. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Two high schools recruited 36 taekwondo players, but 5 were dropped due to personal circumstances and preparations for the tournament, so the number was counted as 31. In order to test uni-standing balance ability, the Romberg test was performed using Biorescue to measure the sway area. In order to test jumping ability, standing long jump and standing highjump were measured. For anaerobic lower extremity muscle power test, the peak power and average power were measured through 30-second pedaling using a Wingate system bicycle. Results: Participants did not show any correlation with other measures in the uni-standing balance ability test (p>0.05). Looking at the correlation in the standing long jump, standing high jump (r=0.892, p<0.05), anaerobic peak power (r=0.698, p<0.05), anaerobic average leg power (r=0.662, p<0.05) showed a positive correlation. Looking at the correlations in the standing high jump, anaerobic peak power (r=0.663, p<0.05), anaerobic average power (r=0.697, p<0.05) showed a positive correlation. Looking at the correlation in the anaerobic peak power, average power (r=0.785, p<0.05) showed a positive correlation. Conclusions: This study shows that balance ability and anaerobic leg strength are independent of each other. The results of this study can be used as basic data for the training plan of high school taekwondo players in the future.

Objective: If non-surgical treatment fails, arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) is recommended, and ARCR considers graft augmentation in consideration of size, direction, and re-tear. It is reported to have potential benefits by improving the healing rate as it can fill the gaps that have been left behind. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of structural changes observed after ARCR on muscle action through magnetic resonance imaging and to investigate the effect of appropriate physical therapy required for graft augmentation in the general ARCR rehabilitation protocol. Case presentation: A 47-year-old male hospitalized for postoperative rehabilitation following ARCR participated in a 5-week physical therapy intervention. The postoperative day was 6 months, but due to shooting pain and shoulder dysfunction,and the movement of the shoulder was compensatory motion, not normal motion. Physical agents, manual therapy, and supervised exercise for 110 minutes per session were performed 3 times a week, and pain intensity, range of motion, function, and strength were evaluated. Results: As a result of the study, the patient showed positive improvement in pain intensity, range of motion, function, and strength. In addition, normal scapulohumeral rhythm movement was observed. Conclusions: According to the results of this case, appropriate physical therapy according to the compensatory motion shown in the structural changes after ARCR can positively improve the pain intensity, range of motion, function, and strength of ARCR patients.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) balance exercise on the ability to balance and walk in patients with hemiplegia caused by stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial Methods: Following baseline measurements, patients (n=24) with hemiplegia caused by stroke were randomized into two groups: the PNF balance group (n=12) that received PNF balance exercise and the balance group (n=12) that received general balance exercise. Each group joined the intervention for 30 minutes, 5 times per week for 6 weeks. Both groups performed the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for balance, as well as the 10-meter walking test (10MWT) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) for walking. The data were collected both before and after the intervention. The paired t-test was used to compare the post-intervention changes compared with pre-intervention data. An independent t-test was used to analyze the differences in the dependent variables between the two groups. Results: After the 6-week intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in balance (TUG, BBS) and walking (10MWT, 6MWT) parameters (p<0.05). The patients in the PNF balance group showed greater improvements in balance (TUG, BBS) and walking (10MWT, 6MWT) than those in the balance group (p<0.05). Conclusions: PNF balance exercise shows improvements in balance and walking parameters in patients with hemiplegia caused by stroke.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of agility training with kinesio taping (ATKT) on muscle tone, muscle strength lower extremity and dynamic stability of women softball players. Design: Two groups pre-post randomized controlled design Methods: 34 softball players were recruited randomly assigned into the ATKT group and agility training with sham kinesio taping (control group). All subjects performed agility training for 30 min/day, 5 times/week for 4 weeks. The subjects in the ATKT group underwent agility trainingwith kinesio taping on vastus madialis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis where the subects in the control group underwent agility trainingwith sham kinseio taping. Muscle tone was measured using myotonPRO. A Hand dynamometer was used to evaluate muscle strengthening of lower -extremity. Dynamic stability was measured using the side hop test. Results: Muscle tone of lower-extremity was significantly more increased in the ATKT group (mean change 0.39 ± 0.31) than in the control group (mean change 0.19 ± 0.31) (p<0.05). Muscle strength of lower-extremity was significantly more increased in the ATKT group than in the control group (p<0.05). Dynamic stability was significantly more increased in the ATKT group (mean change -1.39 ±0.45) than in the control group (mean change -0.60 ± 0.46) (p<0.05). Conclusions: We confirmed that the benefits that ATKT is effective for increasing in softball players and suggested that knee joint kinesio taping. Also, it was observed improvement of muscle tone, muscle strength and Dynamic stability.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of assuming two types of posture (standing and kneeling) during squat exercise on lower body muscle activity. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Twenty-five healthy adults (18 men and 7 women) were instructed to perform the squat exercises while assuming two types of posture (standing and kneeling). EMG (Electromyography) data (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction) were recorded three times from the rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (GMax), gluteus medius (GMed) and biceps femoris (BF) of participant's dominant side and the mean values were analyzed. Results: During the squat exercise with all postures, there was statistically significant difference on rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris muscle activity (p<0.05). The results showed that, there was significantly greater rectus femoris, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris muscle activity in standing posture than in kneeling position (p<0.05). However, the gluteus maximus muscle activity was significantly greater with kneeling posture compared to standing posture (p<0.05). Conclusions: With standing posture, it is showed that rectus femoris, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris muscle activity was greater than kneeling position. While the gluteus maximus muscle activity with standing posture was less than with kneeling posture. Therefore, it is considered that this study can be used as a selective indicator of exercise posture for strengthening specific muscle or weakness caused by paralysis.

Objective: Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are more likely to progress to dementia. Motor-cognitive training is applied as a dual-task to improve the cognitive and physical functions of older adults with MCI. The purpose of the study was to know the recent trends in motor training types and outcome measures used for motor-cognitive training in older adults with MCI. Design: Aliterature review Methods: This literature review was conducted in Pubmed, MEDLINE® and Google Scholar with the following key words: older adults, mild cognitive impairment, motor-cognitive training, cognition, and dual-task. The 7 studies were found with the search tool and all studies were randomized controlled trials. Results: In motor-cognitive training in older adults with MCI, 6 studies applied aerobic exercise. And 3 out of 6 studies also applied strengthening exercises. One study applied dual tasks without aerobic exercise. In the 6 studies, overall cognitive and executive function were used as outcome measures, and physical function was evaluated as gait performance. Memory and physical frailty were also used as measurement tools. As a result of all studies, when motor-cognitive training was applied, cognition and physical performance showed significant results. Conclusions: A recent five-year study applied mainly aerobic exercise and strength training to older adults with MCI and found it to improve cognitive and physical performance.

Objective: This study compared pain, muscle power (MP), muscle thickness (MT), and normalized position of the scapula (POS) between general physical therapy and general physical therapy with strengthening exercises of the lower trapezius in patients with rounded shoulder and chronic neck pain. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The participants were 30 patients of W hospital in Gangnamgu, Seoul, with rounded shoulders who were diagnosed with chronic neck pain. Rounded shoulder was defined as a distance between the surface and acromion of >1 inch in the supine position. The participants were assigned to an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The experimental group completed four types of strengthening exercises program for 15 minutes, twice weekly, for a total of 5 weeks. Soft tissue mobilization (STM), cervical extension flexion rotation (CEFR), and physical modality were also performed in both groups. Results: The degree of pain was assessed using the numerical rating scale (NRS), MP was measured a handheld dynamometer, MT was measured by ultrasound, and POS was measured using a tapeline. Significant between-group differences were observed in VAS, MP, MP, and POS. Significant changes were observed in the experimental group for VAS, MP, MT, and POS. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it was indicated that lower trapezius strengthening exercises performed together with general physical therapy was significantly improved in pain, MP, MT, and POS in patients with rounded shoulder and chronic neck pain compared to when general physical therapy was performed alone.