This paper explores not only emerging scientific problems but also the difficulties communicating air quality issues into an increasingly sensitive the public and policy arena. The public understanding and trust in air pollution information and indices may be very different to the notions of validity or accuracy that are important for a scientist. We operate in a world where openness requires us to reveal both the difficulties and disagreements in our understanding of the polluted atmosphere. Yet this can be confusing and increase complexity in situations where clear political and social decisions are required. I am going to examine these issues, starting with questions of what substances we regard as pollutants and the difficulties of getting the correct balance of concern given the broadening the base of chemicals emitted to the environment. There are also questions of exposure particularly in terms of vulnerable populations, who may spend large amounts of time indoors, where air is rarely monitored. In contemporary society there are pollution problems that extend far beyond urban areas and we have to consider regional issues such as windblown dusts, smoke from forest fires along with issues of the emission of green house gases and ozone depleting substances. Finally I will discuss the issues of communicating with a concerned public and sceptical politicians and the troubling interface between technological and sociological control. Such complexity is often missed in a maze of seemingly stronger political and social needs.

Development pollution control strategies relies on photo-chemical transport models. These models integrate of mesoscale meteorological models with chemical moduls. In this study, the PSU/NCAR mesoscale meteorological model with CAMx is used to investigate the temporal and spatial dynamics of the photochemical air pollution in urban atmosphere of Istanbul for selected high ozone days. The ozone climatology for the selected days and model simulations are presented.

Recently, some researches related to air pollution problems in large cities of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been done. Famous institutes and research centers in countries like Japan, Sweden and Germany have been in cooperation with Iranian institutes in implementing the results. Due to quick increase in the population because of peoples＇ migration from countryside to cities, and rate of growth in the early years after the revolution, air pollution was an important problem in I.R.Iran. Therefore, air pollution control is one of the main issues in major cities of I.R. Iran. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the control mechanisms for air pollution problems in the major industrial cities. The necessary action plans that were taken in recent years in some of the cities, which were also suggested to be taken in the other ones, are the other purpose of this study. From the results of studies it was obtained in Iran, lots of researches are important to mention. Amongst the main activities that are done in recent years are： establishing of the meteorological research centers and atmosphere sciences; three applicator meteorological research centers and more than 40 new stations in the country; installation of newest computer systems in metrological information, using of wall map and continuous radio-traffic to announce traffic news; completing of subway construction in Tehran; forbidding of industrial activities in a definite distance away from Tehran and transferring them to suitable places; building of highways and freeways; improving of public transportation and gasifying them; developing of fuels quality and removing lead from them; and gasifying of the heating systems in houses and buildings.

The dispersion of recycled particulates in the complex coastal terrain containing Kangnung city, Korea was investigated using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). The results show that particulates at the surface of the city that float to the top of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) are then transported along the eastern slope of the mountains with the passage of sea breeze and nearly reach the top of the mountains. Those particulates then disperse eastward at this upper level over the coastal sea and finally spread out over the open sea. Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration near the surface of Kangnung city is very low. At night, synoptic scale westerly winds intensify due to the combined effect of the synoptic scale wind and land breeze descending the eastern slope of the mountains toward the coast and further seaward. This increase in speed causes development of internal gravity waves and a hydraulic jump up to a height of about 1km above the surface over the city. Particulate matter near the top of the mountains also descends the eastern slope of the mountains during the day, reaching the central city area and merges near the surface inside the nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) with a maximum ground level concentration of TSP occurring at 0300 LST. Some particulates were dispersed following the propagation area of internal gravity waves and others in the NSIL are transported eastward to the coastal sea surface, aided by the land breeze. The following morning, particulates dispersed over the coastal sea from the previous night, tend to return to the coastal city of Kangnung with the sea breeze, developing a recycling process and combine with emitted surface particulates during the morning. These processes result in much higher TSP concentration. In the late morning, those particulates float to the top of the TIBL by the intrusion of the sea breeze and the ground level TSP concentration in the city subsequently decreases.

Atmospheric and oceanic numerical models are usually initial-value and/or boundary-value problems. Change in either initial or boundary conditions leads to a variation of model solutions. Much of the predictability research has been done on the response of model behavior to an initial value perturbation. Less effort has been made on the response of model behavior to a boundary value perturbation. In this study, we use the latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) to study the model uncertainty to tiny SST errors. The results show the urgency to investigate the second kind predictability problem for the climate models.

Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to improve image classification by the unsupervised classification techniques, the K-means. To do this, I selected a Landsat TM scene of Jeju Island, Korea and proposed two methods for PCA： unstandardized PCA (UPCA) and standardized PCA (SPCA). The estimated accuracy of the image classification of Jeju area was computed by error matrix. The error matrix was derived from three unsupervised classification methods. Error matrices indicated that classifications done on the first three principal components for UPCA and SPCA of the scene were more accurate than those done on the seven bands of TM data and that also the results of UPCA and SPCA were better than those of the raw Landsat TM data. The classification of TM data by the K-means algorithm was particularly poor at distinguishing different land covers on the island. From the classification results, we also found that the principal component based classifications had characteristics independent of the unsupervised techniques (numerical algorithms) while the TM data based classifications were very dependent upon the techniques. This means that PCA data has uniform characteristics for image classification that are less affected by choice of classification scheme. In the results, we also found that UPCA results are better than SPCA since UPCA has wider range of digital number of an image.

We have analyzed the characteristics of the sea surface winds and wind waves near the Korean marginal seas on the basis of prediction results of the sea surface winds from MM5/KMA model, which is being used for the operation system at the Korea Meteorological observation buoy data to verify the model results during Typhoon events. The correlation coefficients between the models and observation data reach up to about 95％, supporting that these models satisfactorily simulate the sea surface winds and wave heights even at the coastal regions. Based on these verification results, we have carried out numerical experiments about the wave modulation. When there exist an opposite strong current for the propagation direction of the waves or wind direction, wave height and length gets higher and shorter, and vice versa. It is proved that these modulations of wave parameters are well generated when wind speed is relatively week.

The economy of I.R.Iran is so related to oil that has had many environmental problems especially air pollution in urban areas in recent years. Statistics show that most of the time, the condition of air quality is in crisis level especially during fall and winter seasons. Rapid and high population growth has had large amount of fossil fuels consumption in all sectors including transportation, industry, agriculture, residential and commercial and public services and air pollution and healthy problems. Iran＇s abundance of fossil fuel resources has tended to discourage the country＇s incentive to shift to cleaner alternative energy sources for its energy needs that must be considered in future programming. These are discussed in this paper.

$CO_2$ concentration profile was measured to investigate whether $CO_2$ concentration at one level (i.e., eddy covariance measurement level) can be used to estimate storage term without significant uncertainty at broadleaf deciduous forest at Kwangneung experiment forest in Korea. Based on t-test with significance level of 5％, there was no statistical difference between storage term from one-level $CO_2$ concentration and one from $CO_2$ profile measurement. Storage term constitutes on average 5％ of half hourly net ecosystem exchange (NEE) even at unstable stability (i.e., well mixed condition), indicating that storage term should be considered even at daytime, which is sometimes neglected.

We analyzed radiative properties of aerosols, $CO^{2}$ and clouds using Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds(OPAC) and the Column Radiation Model (CRM). From OPAC, if the soot component is disregarded, dust-like components depict the highest extinction values in the solar spectral range and the lowest. single scattering albedoes, which are attributable to the presence of large particles. In the dust aerosol, the high absorptivity in the infrared may induce a warming of the lower atmospheric layer in the nighttime. The radiative properties of aerosols, clouds and double $CO^{2}$ using the CRM model at Seoul (37N, 127.4 E) on 3 April 2003 were calculated. The solar zenith angle is 65˚ and the surface albedo is 0.1836 during the clear day. The aerosol optical depth change 0.14 to 1.7, which is derived during Asian dust days in Korea. At this time, abedo by aerosols is considered as 0.3. In cloudy condition, the short wave cloud forcing on both the TOA and the surface is -193.89 $Wm^{-2}$ and -195.03 $Wm^{-2}$, respectively, and the long wave cloud forcing is 19.58 $Wm^{-2}$ and 62.08 $Wm^{-2}$, respectively. As a result, the net radiative cloud forcing is -174.31 $Wm^{-2}$ and -132.95 $Wm^{-2}$, respectively. We calculate also radiative heating rates by double $CO^{2}$ during the clear day. The $CO^{2}$ volumn mixing ratio is 3.55E-4.

The ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene, and $\alpha$-/$\beta$-pinene were measured from July, 2002 to August, 2002 at the Gumsung mountain site in Jeonnam province. The mean concentration of benzene for this study was $62.6{\pm}43.9$ pptv (Min. 20.4 ~ Max. 151.2 pptv) , and that of toluene was 619.8 ${\pm}$ 330.2pptv (264.8~1, 386pptv). It was observed that the concentrations of $\alpha$ -pinene and $\beta$ -pinene were $169.0{\pm}97.7$ pptv (72.9~396.1pptv) and $11.2{\pm}27.9$pptv (7.5 ~95.9 pptv) , respectively. The ambient concentrations of aromatic and natural VOCs were found at the pptv level. In this study, the toluenelbenzene ratios were $13.9{\pm}11.2$ , but they were a little higher than those found in the domestic study and approximately 5 times greater than the values in the foreign study. The $\beta$ -/ $\alpha$ -pinene ratios ranged between 0.05 and 0.55, and this range was found to be similar in the foreign study.

In this study, we present the analysis of vertical ozone sounding data observed over Pohang, Korea, and investigate to understand the governing mechanisms for seasonal ozone maximum in June. The vertical ozone profiles in June show that the ozone enhancement is clearly shown in the middle and upper troposphere. We have found that the June maximum is associated with the transport of ozone rich air from the stratosphere and polluted continental air mass. This is different from the previous studies shown that the regionally polluted continental air mass, influenced by the intense anthropogenic activities m northeast Asia during transport, is responsible for the ozone maximum in spring.

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical characteristics of $PM^{10}$ at Anmyeon-do during the periods from January 1998 to December 2001. The $PM^{10}$ samples ($PM^{10}$) were collected by High Volume Air sampler (HVAS). The measured items were mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ with the major ions ($Cl^{-}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${Mg}^{2+}$, ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${K}^{+}$etc.) and metallic elements (AI, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb etc.). The chemical analysis of major ion components were made by Ion Chromatography (DX-500) and that of metallic elements were made by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP-AES, ICP-Mass). The average mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ increased substantially during the heavy dust periods (Asian Dust cases). For water-soluble ions, concentrations of ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^{-}$ were remarkably enhanced. Concentrations and mass fraction of crustal elements such as Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn were highly elevated, but those of pollution-derived heavy metals were appreciably decreased. The factor analysis was conducted in order to make the large and diverse data set as manageable levels and to qualitatively examine the relationship between the variables.

A quantitative study of the amount of air transported between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere is important for understanding air quality and upper tropospheric ozone, which is a greenhouse gas. Frontal systems are known to be an effective mechanism for the vertical transport of pollutants. Numerical experiments have been performed with a simple two-dimensional front model to simulate vertical transport of trace gases within developing cold fronts. Three different trace gases experiments have been done numerically according to the different initial fields of trace gases such as aerosol, ozone and $H_2O_2$. Trace gas field tilts to the east while the front tilts to the west. Aerosol simulation shows that pollutants can be transported out of the boundary to altitudes of about 10 km. The stratospheric ozone is brought downwards in a tropopause fold behind of the frontal surface. The meridional gradient in trace gas ($H_2O_2$) can cause a complicate structure in the trace field by the meridional advection.

The meteorological model, CALMET, and its plume dispersion model, CALPUFF, were used in order to simulate the dispersion of $SO_2$ emitted from Yatagan Power Plant and its effect on Yatagan district in the episodic event on December 2 and 3, 2000. It is found that south westerly and light winds and the nighttime surface inversion layers lead to accumulation of pollutants over Yatagan district. The results are compared with the measurements done by Local Environmental Authorities of Mu la. The simulation results indicate that the maximum ground level concentrations were found northeast from the source, which agrees with experimental measurement. On the other hand, the magnitude of results obtained with the model shows some differences compared with experimental measurements.

In this research, we implement Realtime Air Diffusion Prediction System which is a parallel Fortran model running on distributed-memory parallel computers. The system is designed for air diffusion simulations with four-dimensional data assimilation. For regional air quality forecasting a series of dynamic downscaling technique is adopted using the NCAR/Penn. State MM5 model which is an atmospheric model. The realtime initial data have been provided daily from the KMA (Korean Meteorological Administration) global spectral model output. It takes huge resources of computation to get 24 hour air quality forecast with this four step dynamic downscaling (27km, 9km, 3km, and lkm). Parallel implementation of the realtime system is imperative to achieve increased throughput since the realtime system have to be performed which correct timing behavior and the sequential code requires a large amount of CPU time for typical simulations. The parallel system uses MPI (Message Passing Interface), a standard library to support high-level routines for message passing. We validate the parallel model by comparing it with the sequential model. For realtime running, we implement a cluster computer which is a distributed-memory parallel computer that links high-performance PCs with high-speed interconnection networks. We use 32 2-CPU nodes and a Myrinet network for the cluster. Since cluster computers more cost effective than conventional distributed parallel computers, we can build a dedicated realtime computer. The system also includes web based Gill (Graphic User Interface) for convenient system management and performance monitoring so that end-users can restart the system easily when the system faults. Performance of the parallel model is analyzed by comparing its execution time with the sequential model, and by calculating communication overhead and load imbalance, which are common problems in parallel processing. Performance analysis is carried out on our cluster which has 32 2-CPU nodes.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characteristics of post-harvest biomass burning aerosols from field burning of barley straw in late spring and rice straw in late fall in rural area in Korea. 12-hr integrated intensive sampling of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ biomass burning aerosols had been conducted continuously at Gwangju, Korea 4-15 June 2001 and 8 October-14 November 2002. The fine and coarse particles of biomass burning aerosols were collected for mass, ionic, elemental, and carbonaceous species analysis. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of biomass burning aerosols were measured to be 129.6, 24.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in June 2001 and 47.1, 33.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in October to November 2002, respectively. Exceptionally high level of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration up to 157.8 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ well above 24-hour standard was observed during the biomass burning event days under stagnant atmosphere condition. During biomass burning periods dominant ionic species were $Cl^{-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and ${NH_4}^{+}$ in fine and coarse mode. In the fine mode $Cl^{-}$ and ${KCl}^{+}$ were unusually rich due to the high content of the semiarid vegetation. High OC values and OC/EC ratios were also measured during the biomass burning periods. Increased amount of fine aerosols with high enrichment, which were originated from biomass burning of post-harvest agricultural waste, resulted in extremely severe particulate air pollution and visibility degradation in the region. Particulate matters from open field burning of agricultural wastes cause great adverse impact on local air quality and regional climate.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRT AP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination of PARs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PARs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PARs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 ${\mu}g$/g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PARs(PARcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a, h)anthracene and Indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 ${\mu}g$/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had several pathway each by-products. In the ocean dumping, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year. In recycle, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 98.36 kg/year and 428.87 kg/year. In the landfill, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 190.40 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. In the incineration, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emission were 33.10 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. (In case of incineration, the whole provisions of PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc contained to flowed in sludge was supposed to be exhausted to environment through exhaust after incineration.)

The formation of a severe snow storm occurred in the mountainous coastal region near Mt. Taegualyang and Kangnung city in the eastern part of Korea was investigate from 0900LST, December 7 through 9, 2002, using MM5 model. As synoptic scale easterly wind induced a great amount of moisture from the East Sea into the inland coastal region and sea-breeze further induced more moisture from the basin toward the top of the mountain side. The lifted moisture toward the mountain top was cooled down along the eastern slope of the mountain and near the mid of the mountain the moisture was much cooled down with relative humidity of 100％ under the air temperature below $O^{\circ}C$, resulting in the formation of snow. Relative humidity of 100％ generally occurred at the 5km away from the coast toward the inland mountain and the band of 100％ RH was parallel to the coastal line. The 100％ band coincided with minimum air temperature band and line.

Polymeric composite materials on the basis of some industrial wastes are obtained. Some physical parameters of experimental samples are determined. The analysis of exploitative properties of these polymer composite materials allows recommending them as a heat-insulating material in constructions.

The different methods such as HPLC, indirect- and direct-ELISA were employed for the analysis of microtoxins and the results of each method were compared in terms of the detection limit and accurary. Three toxins, microcystin-RR, -LR and -YR were clearly separated by HPLC using 0.05 M methanol and phosphate buffer used as a solvent system. The calibration curves for the toxins were linear in the range of 5 ng to 50 ng. The standard curves for the immunoassay of microcystin obtained by direct and indirect ELISA are compared. The linear responses of inhibitions of binding by microcystin in the direct and indirect competitive ELISA were in the range of 10 ng to 1000 ng and 50 pg to 160 pg, respectively. Distribution of microtoxins at 11 sites in the Nakdong river and several lakes in Korea was also studied. The most dominant microcystin variant in the test sites was found to be microcystin-RR.

A method to determine chromium(III) ion in aqueous solution by chemiluminescence method using a lucigenin entrapped silica sol-gel film has been studied. An optical probe for chromium(III) ion has been prepared by entrapping lucigenin into silica sol-gel film coated on a glass support by dip coating. The chromium(III) optical sensor is based on the catalytic effect of chromium(IIII) ion on the reaction between lucigenin and hydrogen peroxide in basic solutions. The effects of Nafion, DMF and Triton X-100 were investigated to find the optimum condition to minimize cracking and leaching from the probe. The effects of pH and concentrations of lucigenin and hydrogen peroxide on the chemiluminescence intensity were investigated. The chemiluminescence intensity was increased linearly with increasing chromium(III) concentration from $2.5{\times}10^{-4}$M to $8.0{\times}10^{-7}$M and the detection limit was $4.0{\times}10^{-7}$M.

A method to determine As(V) ions in aqueous solution by chemiluminescence method has been studied using a stopped flow system. The method is based on the increased chemiluminescence intensity with the addition of As(V) ion to a solution of lucigenin and hydrogen peroxide. The effects of KOH concentration, $H_2O_2$ concentration and flow rate of reagents on the chemiluminescence intensity have been investigated. The calibration curve for As(V) was linear over the range from $1.0{\times}l0^{-6}$M to $1.0{\times}l0^{-4}$M, the coefficient of correlation was 0.997 and the detection limit was $3.3{\times}l0^{-7}$M under the optimal experimental conditions.

An investigation has been carried out on collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the development of an analytical protocol for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) by ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Two different considerations were used to choose the optimal CID conditions for complex matrix environmental samples, namely, to determine the highest signal-to-noise (SIN) ratio and the other to eliminate the background interferences originated from complex matrix samples. The PAR content of agricultural soil was measured to estimate overall distribution of PAR in throughout the country, we collected and analyzed 226 soil samples from paddy and upland soil. The average content of total PAR in all samples was 236 ${\mu}g$ $kg^{-1}$, and the range was from 23.3 to 2, 834 ${\mu}g$ $kg^{-1}$. The overall distribution of PAR was found to be closely related to the pollution sources, the size of city and the type of industry.

Quantitation methods of total petroleum hydrocarbons to determinate oil contaminated level in soil were discussed. Extraction characteristics of several pretreatment methods and practical detection limit and reappearances in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. with each pretreatment method were investigated. The obtained results showed that the newly adopted quantitation method and mechanical shaking extraction method using methanol with extraction solvent are more practical and applicable to real sample than the conventional methods. In applying these methods to gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil which are major source of soil contamination, the practical quantitation limit and % relative standard deviation was able to determine with range of 2.5 - 10 ppm, 5 - 7 ％.

This study was to analyze land use tendency of the apartment complexes in Banpo in Seoul, Bundang, and Keureng in Chungju. The results of this study were followings. The patterns of Land use in the apartment complexes have been diversified and open spaces have been increased since 1990. In addition, land use relating facilities also has been increased. In the apartment complexes in large cities, park spaces also have been increased. The results of this study indicated that the tendency of apartment complexes is not just residential areas but places for quality of life.

Grasping aspects of using our representative soraksan national park and investigating factors affecting visitors＇ decision-making, this study aims to suggest rationally using of the national park and the positive development plan. The question contains those who have visited soraksan national park more than once. This research shows that most of the visitors wish ‘entrance congestion’ to be solved by introducing ‘previous reservation’ system and unpolluted shuttle bus, therefore chances are shown that they could be introduced for settlement of the existing problems.

To evaluate existence value of green area through industrial area worker＇s consciousness estimation, result that achieve is as following. According as green area amount of green area decreases, assessment about existence value of green area decreased. Environment that industrial complex worker can work in agreeable psychology need to increase green area in some form to be formed. Existence of green area enhances conscious value about visual improvement effect such as good environment, seasons change, and green quantity, and is judged that green area is exerting positive effect to consciousness regarding environment improvement effect such as cooling sensation, wind control, and noise decrease.

Based on solid phase extraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry procedure for determining phenol and its derivatives in natural water was presented. In solid phase extraction, three types of techniques using solid phase adsorption material were treated with acid and salt, and converted second portion of acetyl derivatives. Under the these condition, extraction efficiency and detection ability dependent on extraction methods were discussed. Obtained results using optimized solid phase extraction techniques showed more convenience, simplifier and lower cost than the conventional analytical methods with holding wide dynamic range and lower detection limits.

1, 4-dioxane is a recalcitrant pollutant found in contaminated ground waters and industrial effluents. Conventional water treatment techniques are limited to treat this compound effectively. In this study, $O_3$／$H_2O_2$ oxidation process was used to eliminate 1, 4-dioxane in water and to enhance the biodegradability. Several factors affecting biodegradability enhancement were investigated. The relationship between initial oxidation rate of 1 A-dioxane and BOD enhancement rate has been determined, a kinetic model has been proposed. $H_2O_2$ concentration and pH had a proportional relation with biodegradability of 1, 4-dioxane, but in case of ozone, there was no relationship with biodegradability. 1, 4-Dioxane removal efficiencies had good agreement with the biodegradability.

16 APEX floats, autonomous profiling floats deployed as part of the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) program, are used to understand the currents at 800 m underwater in the southwestern East Sea. The flow penetrates into the Ulleung basin (UB) through two paths： an extension of the southward flowing the North Korean Cold Water along the east coast of Korea and between Ulleung Island and Dok island. Flows at 800 m are observed range 0.2 to 4.29 cm/sec and the variability in the north in the DB is stronger than that in the south. The eddy kinetic energy is found a few $cm^{2}$ $S^{-2}$. In the UB, cyclonic flows from 0.3 - 1.6 cm/see are observed with the bottom topography.

With estmating drinking water demands of Ulsan city, the amount would be increased from 523,000ton/day in 2006 to 635,000 ton/day in 2016. Also, the dependence of Nakdong River on the Ulsan city as a source of drinking water will be very high up to 54.4％ of total drinking water demands. Small-scale drinking water dam is no economical because of excessive construction cost and long construction period. However, development of riverbed and ground water of existing rivers is more economical than that of small-scale drinking water dam. In this study, to utilized Dongchun River as a drinking water resource, Modflow model was used to predict the amount of riverbed and ground water of Dongchun River basin. As a result, available amount of riverbed water was assumed in 6,000 ton/day by worst case (when perfect dry stream) and in case of ground water, it was assumed in 17,800 ton/day.

New porphyrin square (1) was prepared by reaction of porphyrin containing pyridine and Re$(CO)_5Cl$ in THF/toluene solvent. 2-(Methylene15-crown-5)-nicotinoly ester(2) was synthesized by reaction of 2-(Hydroxymethyl-15-crown-5 and nicotinoly chloride in $CH_2Cl_2$. In fluorescence quenching studies luminescence was quenched by addition of the guest(2) into host(l). In the host-guest system we could obtain binding constant (K= $1.13{\times}10^{7}M^{-1}$) at decreasing concentration of (2). But the luminescence was dramatically increased after $Na^{+}$ was added into the host-guest system.

Effects of Al on vitellogenin (VTG) and VTG mRNA induction by estradiol-17 $\beta$($E_2$) were examined in primary hepatocyte culture of rainbow trout. Hepatocytes were precultured for 2 days and then E2 ($2{\times}10^{-6}$M) and Al ($10^{-6}-10^{-4}$M) were simultaneously added to the incubation medium. Hepatocytes were cultured for 5 more days. Media and hepatocytes were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Northern blotting for VTG and VTG mRNA, respectively. These metal had no appreciable effect on the viability of hepatocytes in culture. However, Al interfered with VTG production and VTG mRNA expression. Al reduced VTG production in a concentration-dependent way and a significant reduction accurred at Al concentrations greater than $5{\times}10^{-5}$M. VTG mRNA expression also decreased with a negative correlation with Al concentration (r＝-0.98). These results suggest that Al inhibit VTG production at the transcriptional level to reduce VTG mRNA expression.

A significant surface net heat loss appears around the Kuroshio and the Tsushima Warm Current regions. The area where the surface heat loss occurs should require heat to be supplied by the current to maintain the long-term annual heat balance. Oceanic heat advection in these regions plays an important role in the heat budget. The spatial distribution of the heat supply by the Tsushima Warm Current near the surface was examined by calculating the horizontal heat supply in the surface layer of the East/Japan Sea, directly from historical sea surface temperature and current data. We have also found a simple estimation of the effective vertical scale of heat supply by the current to compensate net heat loss using the heat supplied by the current in the surface 10m layer. The heat supplied by the current for the annual heat balance was large in the Korea/Tsushima Strait and along the Japanese Coast, and was small in the northwestern part of the East/Japan Sea. The amount of heat supplied by the current was large in the northwestern part and small in the southeastern part of the East/Japan Sea. These features suggest that the heat supplied by the Tsushima Warm Current is restricted to near the surface around the northeastern part and extends to a deeper layer around the southeastern part of the East/Japan Sea.

The sonolytic decomposition of NHCs, such as atrazine［6-chloro-N-ethyl-N＇ -(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine］, simazine( 6-chloro-N,N＇ -diethyl-l ,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), trietazine(6-chloro-N,N,N＇-triethyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), in water was investigated at a ultrasound frequency of 200kHz with an acoustic intensity of 200W under argon and air atmospheres. The concentration of NHCs decreased with irradiation, indicating pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rates were in the range 1.06∼2.07 (x10/sup -3/ min/sup -1/) under air and 1.30∼2.59(x10/sup -3/ min/sup -1/)under argon at a concentration of 200μM of NHCs. The rate of hydroxyl radicals(·OH) formation from water is 19.8μM min/sup -1/ under argon and 14.7 μM min/sup -1/ under air in the same sonolysis conditions. The sonolysis of NHCs is effectively inhibited, but not completely, by the addition of t-BuOH(2-methyl-2-propanol), which is known to be an efficient ·OH radical scavenger in aqueous sonolysis. This suggests that the main decomposition of NHCs proceeds via reaction with ·OH radical; a thermal reaction also occurs, although its contribution is small. The addition of appropriate amounts of Fenton's reagent ［Fe/sup 2＋/］ accelerates the decomposition. This is probably due to the regeneration of ·OH radicals from hydrogen peroxide, which would be formed from recombination of ·OH radicals and which may contribute a little to the decomposition.

Numerical simulation on marine wind and sea surface elevation was carried out using both three-dimensional hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models and a simple oceanic model from 0900 LST, August 13 to 0900 LST, August 15, 1995. As daytime easterly meso-scale sea-breeze from the eastern sea penetrates Kangnung city in the center part as basin and goes up along the slope of Mt. Taegullyang in the west, it confronts synoptic-scale westerly wind blowing over the top of the mountain at the mid of the eastern slope and then the resultant wind produces an upper level westerly return flow toward the East Sea. In a narrow band of weak surface wind within 10km of the coastal sea, wind stress is generally small, less than l${\times}$10E-2 Pa and it reaches 2 ${\times}$ 10E-2 Pa to the 35 km. Positive wind stress curl of 15 $\times$ 10E-5Pa $m^{-1}$ still exists in the same band and corresponds to the ascent of 70 em from the sea level. This is due to the generation of northerly wind driven current with a speed of 11 m $S^{-1}$ along the coast under the influence of south-easterly wind and makes an intrusion of warm waters from the southern sea into the northern coast, such as the East Korea Warm Current. On the other hand, even if nighttime downslope windstorm of 14m/s associated with both mountain wind and land-breeze produces the development of internal gravity waves with a hydraulic jump motion of air near the coastal inland surface, the surface wind in the coastal sea is relatively moderate south-westerly wind, resulting in moderate wind stress. Negative wind stress curl in the coast causes the subsidence of the sea surface of 15 em along the coast and south-westerly coastal surface wind drives alongshore south-easterly wind driven current, opposite to the daytime one. Then, it causes the intrusion of cold waters like the North Korea Cold Current in the northern coastal sea into the narrow band of the southern coastal sea. However, the band of positive wind stress curl at the distance of 30km away from the coast toward further offshore area can also cause the uprising of sea waters and the intrusion of warm waters from the southern sea toward the northern sea (northerly wind driven current), resulting in a counter-clockwise wind driven current. These clockwise and counter-clockwise currents much induce the formation of low clouds containing fog and drizzle in the coastal region.

Walled town was located on the axis connecting symbolic places, which was a feng-shui lucky place of a mountain sits to the rear and a body of water sits to the front. It represents environmental development of cultural space by blend of folk belief, religion, social system, administration facilities and living culture buildings. Therefore it is sustainable cultural view connected of formed or formless religious view and artificial view(wall, government buildings, living houses, and cultivated land so on) in a nature landscape. Environmental design technique, enlarging its meaning and value of living to mental level was founded from space composition and settlement, which was constructed organized space of government and residence area of walled town within the wall for looking for lucky place(from best, better, and good places) in order to construct ecological network (天+地+人, 山＋水＋方位＋人, 地理＋生利＋山水＋人心) by outlook of space and settlement.

The purpose of this study is to present the conditions and methods for keeping the sustainability of the landscape resources of the East Coast of Gangwon province, the republic of Korea by investigating the landscape resources management in the area and pointing out its problems. The problems of the landscape resources management are： 1) the disturbance of the persistence of life by reclamation, the population reduction in the ecosystem due to the overload in environmental capacity, and the severance of space between land and water. 2) the reduction of the benefits from indirect experience by interfering with the conservation of fluxes -- the manipulation of horizontal arrangement of the landscape resource, the visual disturbance by the construction of high-storied buildings, and the disharmony between the color/image and the environment. The means for keeping sustainability of the landscape resources include the regulations of development and use, the change in the recognition of the value of landscape resources and the moral system, and the improvement of resource management skills.

The effects of salmon carcasses on forest and stream ecosystems were determined by nitrogen stable isotope analysis in natural streams in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, where numerous chum salmon (Oncoryhncus keta) were migrated upstream ITom ocean to spawn in autumn. The leaves and soils surrounding riparian forest and stream dwelling invertebrates were collected before and after migration. The nitrogen stable isotope ratio $({\delta}^{15}N)$ of riparian vegetation (Salix spp.) were different depending on the presence of salmon and distance from the stream. The $({\delta}^{15}N)$ of stream dwelling invertebrates were different between salmon present and absent stream. This difference was tested using the experiment channel by implanting salmon carcasses. The nitrogen stable isotope ratio of epilithic algae and leaf shredding animals were nearly 3 higher in the salmon implanted treatment suggesting that around 20％ of salmon derived nitrogen was uptake either in algae and leaf shredding invertebrates. These results suggest that the salmon carcasses effects not only on stream primary production but also on primary consumers, which decompose leaves fertilized with nitrogen from carcasses.

This study has been conducted for the purpose to develop a new technology using the carbonization process for establishing the resources circulation system for sewage sludge and enabling the sludge amount and volume to be reduced sanitarily and safely. Besides, it is thought that the effective value of the carbonized sludge is much greater even though there is any limitation to its applicable fields or use since it is not a product that is intentionally produced like any existing materials for conventional uses.

Characteristics of biosorption of lead by marine algae, Laminaria japonica, were examined. The biosorption capacity of lead by L. japonica was achieved up to 30％ of its own weight and proportional to the initial lead concentration. However, the opposite result was shown in different initial weight of biomass. Ion exchange reaction between lead ions and calcium ions was observed on lead biosorption with Ca-Ioaded biomass. Stoichiometric coefficient, which can represent the exchange ratio between metal ions and protons during elution process, was determined as 1.39. Therefore, it was concluded that the reaction between lead ions already attached in biomass and protons in bulk solution was not fully stoichiometric ion exchange relation at elution process.

The aim of this study was to test the air quality modelling system (HIRES-AIRCHEM) of The University of New South Wales particularly with regard to forecast ozone distribution. This was achieved by assimilating the New South Wales State EPA emissions inventory consisting of road and non-road sources and running the system over the Sydney metropolitan area for the four day period 25-28 February 1998. During this period ozone readings exceeded the EPA＇s goal of 80ppb on several occasions. The model forecasts of ozone distribution verified well with the EPA＇s ozone readings. This result has important implications for possible future use of the system as a tool for routinely assessing air quality.

Fine particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 ${\mu}m$ (PM2.5) were collected from three sites in Beijing during April, August, and November 2000 and January 2001. After chemical components in samples are analyzed, a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model using PARs as tracers is applied to quantify the source contributions to PM2.5 in Beijing. The results show that the major sources are coal combustion, fugitive dust, vehicle exhaust, secondary sulfate and nitrate, and organic matter while biomass burning and construction dust contribute only a small fraction. In addition, source inventory in Beijing is used to determine the primary source contributions. The two methods result in comparable results. Source apportionment at three sampling sites presents similar contributions to PM2.5 although the sites are far away from each other. However, distinct seasonal pattern is presented for the source contributions from coal combustion, fugitive dust, biomass burning, secondary sulfate and nitrate.

A coupling system of MM5 and POM using Stampi with different kinds of parallel computer is proposed and comparative numerical simulations of mesoscale wind induced by topography around East Sea/Sea of Japan are carried out. The results are as follows： 1) Strong horizontal conversion is induced by high mountain Pekdoo at its leeside. 2) The conversion winds at lee of high mountain are not clear in monthly and yearly mean NCEP-reanalysis because of coarse resolution of 1.86 degree by 1.86 degree. But Wind conversion is well simulated at atmosphere and ocean coupling system. And the conversion area of lee side of mountain is also agreed well with observed data of NSCAT launched in satellite ADEOS. 3) The surface ocean current is well correspondent with wind direction, induced by high mountains. And small different wind field information lead the different of particle distribution in numerical experiments of particle distribution on ocean surface.

In general, the parameters of climate change include aerosol chemical compounds, aerosol optical depth, greenhouse gases(carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone), ozone distribution, precipitation acidity and chemical compounds, persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, radioactivity, solar radiation including ultra-violet and standard meteorological parameters. Over the last ten years, the monitoring activities of Korea regarding to the climate change have been progressed within the WMO GAW and ACE-Asia IOP programs centered at the observation sites of Anmyeon and Jeju Gosan islands respectively. The Greenhouse gases were pointed out that standard air quality monitoring techniques are required to enhance data comparability and that data presentation formats need to be harmonized and easily understood. Especially, the impact of atmospheric aerosols on climate depends on their optical properties, which, in turn, are a function of aerosol size distribution and the spectral reflective indices. Aerosol optical depth and single scattering albedo in the visible are used as the two basic parameters in the atmospheric temperature variation studies. The former parameter is an indicator of the attenuation power of aerosols, while the latter represents the relative strength of scattering and absorption by aerosols. For aerosols with weak absorption, surface temperature decreases as the optical depth increases because of the domination of backscattering. For aerosols with strong absorption, however, warming could occur as the optical depth increases. The objective of the study is to characterize the means, variability, and trends of Greenhouse gases and aerosol properties on a regional basis using data from its baseline observatories in Korea peninsula. A further goal is to understand the factors that control radiative forcing of the greenhouse and aerosol.