This paper empirically examines various personal characteristics and preferences of HRM (Human Resorce Mamagement) systems using data from 968 R&D professionals in 9 private R&D organizations. It identifies different patterns of reward and career development needs associated with 4 types of R&D professionals, who are categorized by personal characteristics: personality and attitude. A productive leader type shows active personal traits (which encompass high scores of need for achievement, risk-taking propensity, tolerance for ambiguity, and self-efficacy) and positive attitudes (which include high scores of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and low scores of turnover intention), while a cynical bystander type exhibits passive personal traits and negative attitudes toward a job. A passive adapter, who has passive personal characteristics but positive attitudes, and a frustrated champion, who is active in personality but negative in current job attitude, lie in between them. The results reveal that: 1) These four different types of R&D professionals show differences in their education, age and tenure level, and technical performance. 2) They have different career orientations and problem solving styles. 3) They also exhibit different preferences in performance appraisal criteria and rater, and reward structures. Based on these findings, this study suggests a contingent type of human resource management in terms of selection and staffing of R&D professionals, performance appraisal, incentive systems, and career development plans.

The psychological work environments which facilitate technology innovations in organizations are divided into two dimensions of supportive work environments and challenging work environments. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of two work environments. And simple and hierarchical regression analysis confirmed the significant effects of two work environments on motivations to the technology innovations. Therefore, Both of the challenging work environments(uncertainty of exta- organizational environments and tasks) and supportive work environments(managerial environments of intra-organizations) are the two important psychological work environments which facilitate technology innovations in organizations.

This paper examines a significant example of accumulation of technology in post war Japan - the development process of the videocasstte recorder (VCR) for home use, and the dynamic evolution process of the mass market. The purpose of analyzing the Japanese home VCR industry is to clarify how and why only the Japanese makers had succeeded in developing home VCR and dominated. the global mass market and to make clear the dynamic process of industrial evolution. This study found out the following facts; 1) Japanese inter-firm interactions in the VCR have been carried out by the structure of "the competition and cooperation among the engaged players" form the initial stage, to growing, and maturing stage. 2) The process of competition and cooperation produced the revolutionary innovation through a continuous systematic development process in the R&D phase. 3) The process of competition and cooperation accelerated the speed of technological progress and the rapid growth of the industry in the growing and maturing stage.

This paper starts out by reviewing the literature that in different ways utilizes patent data as a output of R&D investment. The main focus, however, is an analysis of time-lag between R&D input and output. To achieve this research objective, the basic data associated with the R&D input(expenditure, researchers) and output(patent, utilities) for the past 15 years, from 1980 to 1994, in the areas of electrical-electronic, mechanical and chemical industries have been collected. And the raw output data were altered it to objective data using Laspeyres approach and analyzed using multiple regression analysis, especially stepwise regression analysis. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: a) The time-lag between R&D input and output is from 1 to 4 years. This result is equal to the research conclusion of the existing foreign studies. b) It was found that the time-lag of patents was longer than of utility models. c) It was showed that the time-lag of electrical-electronic, mechanical industry was longer than the chemical one.

The competitive power of technologies is required for survival of enterprises in the social environments that change rapidly. So the strategy of technology development becomes more and more important. For the establishment of strategy, the situational analysis and the forecasting analysis are executed and they include the technology assessment and the technological forecasting. The technology assessment is systematical examination and analysis of the present status of technology. Among the various methods of technology assessment, Matrix Method is one of the usual methods. This research is intended to find out the problems and the difficulties in the current Matrix Method, and to improve the method, finally to help the R&D departments of enterprises applying the method. This suggested matrix(TSM Technology Shift Matrix) method is designed so that one can judge the current situation of technology and future expectation, by moving the matrix which is placed to the upside of the basic matrix.

This study examines the changing patterns of technological cooperation activities along technological development stages. Based on the longitudinal sample of 58 small and medium-sized companies in telecommunication equipment and device sectors, proposed hypotheses are tested using paired comparison t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Major findings of this study are as follows. Along technological development stages, (1) patterns of technological cooperation activities differ in terms of the extent and diversity of use, partners, method, and motivation and (2) the impact of specific forms of technological cooperation activities on the firm's technological innovation varies. In addition, some managerial and policy implications are presented and future research directions are suggested.

인공씨감자 대량생산기술 상업화 사례는 모방 중심의 연구개발풍토 하에서 드물게 찾아볼 수 있는 출연(연)에 뿌리를 둔 Technology push형의 창조형 혁신사례이다. 본 논문은 모방형 연구개발풍토에서의 창조형 기술혁신사례를 분석함으로써 창조적 혁신의 성공요인을 발굴하여 지식창조 지향의 연구관리 모형 제시를 시도하였다. 출연(연)에 뿌리를 둔 Technology push형 혁신은 연구자 관점의 연구개발단계와 기업가 관점의 기업화 단계로 구분된다. 연구자 관점의 연구개발단계에서는 연구자의 고집과 집념 그리고 상사의 후원에 의해서 창의적인 아이디어가 살아남아 가능성 있는 기술로 발전할 수 있었으며, 연구성과에 대한 언론보도 및 외부세계의 관심과 기대, 민간기업의 참여는 연구자에게 심리적 압박(pressure)을 제공하나 연구자의 몰입을 촉진하는 효과를 가져왔다. 현장문제에 대한 몸으로의 체험 그리고 지식창조 체험은 중요한 암묵적 지식(tacit knowledge)이며, 연구자의 연구몰입을 가속화시켰다. 기업가 관점의 기업화 단계에서는 선진외국에서 검증된 기술을 도입개량하는데 익숙해 있고 새로운 창조형 혁신 경험이 없는 개발도상국의 입장에서 법적, 제도적, 사회적 요인 등 많은 장애요인이 등장하였다. 결국 새로운 개념의 혁신 추진과정에서 나타나는 많은 장애요인을 극복할 수 있는 지속적인 노력이 중요하였으며, 연구자의 기업가 정신(entrepreneurship), 참여기업의 기업화 의지와 노력이 중요하게 작용하였다. 또한 Technology push형 기술혁신에서 나타나는 소비자의 수용성을 제고시킬 수 있는 개선노력이 중요하다. 한편 Technology Push형 연구는 실용화까지 많은 시행착오 함께 약 10여년이라는 긴 시간이 필요하게 되는데, 장기간의 연구개발재원을 어떻게 조달하느냐가 창조적 기술혁신 성패의 관건이다. 이 과정에서 angel과 promoter의 역할이 중요하다.물질(hydrophilic components)은 30~33%정도의 분포를 보였고, 전염소 및 전오존 공정을 거친 처리수에서는 각각 62.2-62.8%, 43.9~49.0% 및 50~ 55%, 40~57% 정도의 분포를 보였다. 그리고 웅집-침전을 거친 처리수에서는 그 분포가 77~82%, 24-48%였다. 전주리 공정을 통하여 소수성 물질(byoghobic components)의 분포가 감 소하는 것을 볼 때 전염소 및 전오존 처리가 용존유기물의 응집에는 오히려 역 효과를 나타내는 것으로 판단된다. 것으로 판단된다.여 황토 2g에 대하여 Hieltijes and Lijklema 방법에 의해 Adsorbed-p, Nonapatite inorganic-P(NAI-P), Apatite-p, Organic-P로 구분하여 분석하고, 총인(Total Phosphorus)을 Standard Methods에 따라 Persulfate digestion후 0.45 m membrane 여지 여과하여 여액에 대해 PO3-4-P의 농도를 Ascorbic Acid 법으로 측정한 결과, NAI-P가 가장 큰 비율을 차지하였고, 부원료로 첨가된 금속 양이온 중 Fe3-이온이 흡착에 기여하는 정도가 가장 큰 것으로 평가되었다.다당류 T-AS의 보체 활성화 기작은 classical과 alternative complement pathway의 양 경로를 통해 활성화 되었다. T-AS 분획은 mouse내의 특정 혈청단백을 증가시켰으며, 항체 생성능의 증가가 관찰되어 effect T 세포의 활성화가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. T-AS는 생체내 투여시에 대식세포의 탐식능이 증진되었으며, 대식세포 기능 저해제에 의한 대식세포의 기능 저해 현상이 회복되었다. 이와 같은 결과들로부터, T-AS의 항암 활성은 활성화된 보체 성분 및 당 수용체들이 존재하는 대식세포의 개입을 시사한다.가능성과 그 방법의 모색에 관심을 갖게 되었으며

The study examines the similarities of competitive strategy between fashion industry and high-tech industry through a case study of a Japanese maker. From the study, some implications are drawn for the Korean fashion industry. It is hoped that this, will help towards establishing a suitable competitive strategy for firms in this industry. In the fashion industry, the product life cycle is so short as to prompt a new product obsolete too quickly, and the extent of product differentiation is remarkably extensive compared to any other industry. Generally speaking, firms in this industry focus more of their resources on product development and marketing rattler than on production and they attempt to maneuver the speed when they are required to enhance their competitive edge. This is enabled through being, as one might expect, information- and technology- intensive as are high-tech industries. In this sense, that of the competitive strategy of a firm in fashion industry to be similar to high-tech industry. The Japanese firm Y has transformed itself a leading firm in fashion uniform segment. The firm could achieve this status by integrating each function needed for creating customer*s value, that is, product development, production and marketing within one Quick Response System. For this purpose, Y introduced a bundle of high-tech communication systems such as SPD, SDS, ATOM, NICS and so on. In this sense it can be said that Y was aware of what sort of competitive strategy was required in the industry. Implications for Korean firms is that, first, the magnitude of understanding the industry specific factors in establishing competitive strategy in the fashion industry, are speed, flexibility and systematic integration supported by high technology which are characteristic of high-tech industries. Secondly, as can be seen in the fact that Y emphasized logistics in its technological transformation, the significance of logistics control is a key to manipulating speed and flexibility in the industry. To sum up, those who have insight into above findings will be likely to keep their competitiveness in the industry not only in the Korean market but also in global market in the near future.

1996년부터 우리나라 국가연구개발사업에 PBS(Project Base System)를 전면도입, 시행함에 따라 국가목표에 따른 정부예산의 효율적 배분과 경쟁원리에 의한 연구수주와 관련하여 효율성 개념이 강조되고 있다. 관련 사업규정에 의하여 제공되고 있는 현행정보는 목표달성도 중심의 효과성 평가에는 적합하게 구성되어 있으므로 효율성 평가를 적용하는데 다소 문제가 있다. 그러므로, 국가연구개발사업의 성과평가에서 효과성과 효율성을 함께 평가하기 위해서는 현행정보에 대한 보완이 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 미국 정부회계기준위원회(GASB) 개념보고서에서 제시한 바 있는 SEA(Service Efforts and Accomplishments) 정보를 도입·적용하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 SEA정보에 관련된 선행연구결과를 소개하고, 아울러 국가연구개발사업의 성과평가에 적용가능한 SEA측정치를 개발하여 제시하였다. 국가연구개발사업의 성과평가에서 추가적인 정보로 제공하게 될 SEA측정치는 (1)투입측정치 (2)결과측정치 (3)산출측정치 (4)투입 대 성과와의 관련성 (5)설명정보의 5개 범주로 구성되어 있다.

This paper addresses a methodology for monitoring the first phase('92-'94) progress and its strategic implication of Highly Advanced National R&D Program(HAN or G7 project) in Korea. The conceptual framework and its strategic thrust of the interim evaluation, which is the main focus of this paper, was designed both by reviewing related literature and by analyzing the unique characteristics of the HAN Program. Actual monitoring or interim evaluation was initiated by the G7 Planning and Evaluation Committee, which was established for advising, directing, and monitoring the HAN Program, with the help of large number of experts from various industries, universities, and research institutes. The monitoring results had been reported to the related ministries and project coordinating agencies. According to the suggestion made by the G7 Planning and Evaluation Committee, several projects were suffered structural changes and one was dropped.

본고는 정보통신망의 경제적관점을 중점적으로 하여 향후 광대역정보통신망구축이 경제사회에 미치는 영향을 국가경쟁력과 삶의 질 측면에서 분석하였다. 즉 광대역망이 갖는 생산재, 소비재적인 특성과 기술개발과 투자시점간의 시차에 따른 경제적 효과를 고려하였다. 또한 이러한 경제적 접근이외에도 광대역망구축에 대한 현실적인 접근을 위하여 진화단계 특성 등 기술적인 측면을 고려하여 실현가능한 시나리오를 제시하고 그에 따른 영향을 추가하였다. 이에 따라 기술개발 선점에 따른 망구축을 실현하는 기술기반 우위국가는 국가 전반적인 경쟁력을 강화시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 국민의 삶의 질 향상에도 기여할 것임이 제시된다. 또한 우리나라와 같이 기술수준이 낮은 기술기반 열위국가의 경우에 실현가능한 3가지 시나리오를 고려하였다.

Nowadays the whole World is overwhelmed by the wave of Information Technology. In particular, in this Information & Communication Era such advanced countries as United States, Germany, and France are now launching and preparing Government levels Information Technology Policy and Strategies in order to keep their information initiative and superiority. Ever since 1993 when the US government have been advocating m as well as NPR, the US is concentrating their all energies and efforts on the redeem of their former national competitiveness which was snatched up to Japan, meanwhile also Japanese government, who has announced NEW SOCIETY CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM in 1994 to be completed by 2010, is trying to do their whole national endeavors to enter into the highly enhanced information society. Recently also our Government enacted the LAW of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROMOTE & EXPEDITE in 1995 then sequently in the next year announced its detailed enforcement regulations, targeting at one of the leading countries with highly advanced Information Technology. The concept of Internet which takes the concept of Internet into the inner side of the industries has been, since implemented in 1995, showing really the rapid growth and at the same time it is highlighted onto the next generations Information-network. The merits of Internet, representing as the affordable cost, continuous standardization, various functionalities of multimedia excellent expansibilities, easy interface is the most adequate choice as a newest method for our country that announce to be one of leading countries in the realization of Information Technology and expects immediate effect on the construction of Internet in the level of whole country. In an effort to construct the nations level of Internet by firstly the build-up and connection of each central and each local government level of internet, a few methods for nation levels internet build-up are here studied and described, while in the beginnings stage through both e-mails and internet home pages the nation level of internet can be established in stages. The construction of Internet in the level of the nation is not an issue of simple option but an essential and inevitable choice for the survival in 2000s and as well the jump-up and penetration onto the real advanced country in the New Era.