Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) is a disease that occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting the mouth and esophagus. Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM) has been widely used since the ancient times to treat GERD. However, as the treatment method has not been standardized and inconsistent in clinical practice, it may be necessary to review the classical and modern literatures to understand how the TKM treatment of GERD has been changed. Seven databases were searched and selected 54 published books. The classical books from The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine to the end of the Joseon Dynasty, and the modern books published as first editions from 1989 to 2022 were reviewed. This study compared the differences and similarities of understanding GERD in the classical and modern literatures according to the main symptom and aetiology, and the acupuncture and moxibustion treatment points used with frequencies. In classical literature, the view of GERD was symptom-oriented such as fever, nausea, vomiting, phlegm-fire, gastric upset, acid regugitation, whereas the modern literature mainly classified the disease as organ-oriented combined with the condition of illness, particularly including in-coordination of the liver and stomach Qi. The most frequently used treatment points cross the literatures were CV 12, and modern literature included SP 4 and PC 6. Both of the classic and modern literature viewed that GERD is due to inappropiate eating habit or food, and modern literature additionally concerned more complex causes likely stress, which had leaded to various treatment points. Further study on the treatment points by diagnosis identification is may be necessary.

The purpose of this study is to examine the antioxidant effect of hamyang wild-simulated ginseng and ginseng berry complex(HGC) and to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect on macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells). For antioxidant activity of HGC was measured by total polyphenol contents were estimated with folin-ciocalteu method, and total flavonoid contents were estimated with aluminum chloride methods. And, assessed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assay. MTT assay was performed to determine the effect of HGC on cell viability in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, anti-inflammatory effect of HGC was investigated in RAW264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells, in which an inflammatory response was induced by lipopolysarccharide (LPS), were treated with HGC, and nitric oxide production was measured by griess assay. And protein expression level of inflammatory cytokine and phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways were confirmed by western blot analysis. Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in HGC were quantified, and increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner was confirmed. In addition, HGC was significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and inflammatory cytokine (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Also, HGC was significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest that HGC can be used as effective herbal medicine extract for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. As a result, it is thought that HCG can be used as a functional material effective for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. And it will be possible to promote industrialization using hamyang wild-simulated ginseng and ginseng berry, and to increase high-value-added.

This study was to investigate the effects of cudrania tricuspidata leaf and achyranthes japonica nakai complex (CAC) treatment on monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA (3 mg) into right knee joints of rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups; Non-induced normal rat (Con, n=10), MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat (MIA, n=10), osteoarthritis rat treated with indomethacin 2 mg/kg (Indo, n=10), osteoarthritis rat treated with CAC 200 mg/kg (Low, n=10) or 400 mg/kg (High, n=10). The rats were treated orally for 14 days. On the last day of oral administration, the hind paw weight bearing of the experimental animals was measured using an incapacitance test meter. The interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and, C-telopeptides of type II collagen (CTX-II) levels in serum were measured by ELISA. And Then, that gene expression (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2) levels in cartilage were measured by qRT-PCR. Also, cartilage volume was measured by micro CT arthrography. Administration of CAC reduced the inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2) levels in serum and gene expression levels in cartilage, and the COMP and CTX-II level in serum, which is an indicator of cartilage degradation. In addition, the hind paw weight bearing and cartilage volume, which were decreased due to osteoarthritis, were significantly increased. In the future, if the results of clinical studies including studies on safety are supplemented, it is considered that it can be used as an oriental medicine treatment to improve or treat symptoms of osteoarthritis.