The purpose of this study is to analyze the current status and problems of the Ministry of Land, "Hanok Professionals Training Project", and to discuss improvement directions. In this study, a structured questionnaire was created to identify the perceptions of trainees, surveyed education demand and satisfaction, and analyzed education status and problems. The conclusion of this study is as follows: 1.When selecting trainees, it is desirable to make it mandatory to be "working-level workers in the construction sector" in the requirements of the target. 2.To respond to trainee demand, hands-on education should be strengthened and specific complaints about educational facilities and equipment should be investigated. 3.In order to increase the effectiveness of education, it is necessary to consider introducing an actual Hanok construction project into the curriculum. In addition, in order to produce better educational effects in the future, it is necessary to prepare specific guidelines for the educational curriculum.

Street spaces in low-rise residential areas are places where various lifestyle activities of residents occur. So it is very important how the buildings and street relate to each other. It focused on the possibility of multi-family housing as an urban alternative housing, and tried to examine the relationship with the street. Therefore, in this study, I analyze and derive characteristics of the planning elements of street junction space between houses and street applied to multi-family housing, which were published in architectural magazines for the past five years. First, in the aspect of street space, it was analyzed how the characteristics of parcels in contact with the streets were defined. The various planning elements of the transition space between the street and the entrance, and the openness of the separation space from adjacent site connected to the pilotis accommodates the logic focused on legal regulations and commercial values. It can be explained as an attempt considering communication with streets and surrounding area. The planning that most accommodates the character of street is the facility program on the first floor. Commercial facilities and community facilities were planned for the active 'collection road' and 'local road' in the neighborhood residential area, and rental offices or alpha rooms were planned for 'residential alley' with private atmosphere. The more public the street was, the more clearly the entrance to the upper residential area was separated from the commercial space in terms of location, shape and space. Second, in the aspect of architectural exterior, the shape and spatial composition of the building connected to the street were examined. The architect used the legal constraints and the design logic to pursue the maximum volume. Nevertheless, from the perspective of pedestrians, it was possible to plan the lower floors with an open atmosphere differentiated from the surroundings. And by using the slope shape and different finishing materials, the upper part corresponding to the urban landscape was created. The spaces and gaps created by the difference in volume and shape of the lower and upper floors were also used as an intermediary space for communication between residents and neighbors.

The purpose of the research is the categorization of vacant spaces located in declining areas, in order to apply it for allocating disaster relief shelters. The scope of the research is vacant spaces within declining areas where the areas are designated as urban regeneration project areas. The procedure of the research is as follows: firstly, the definitions and concepts of declining area and vacant spaces are resolved and the method of using a vacant building resource as a shelter is clarified through literature review. Secondly, based on area characteristics, six cases are extracted among declining area which were selected as a 2018th urban regeneration project area. Then, the usability and distribution of the vacant spaces included in the cases are investigated. Thirdly, vacant spaces are categorized by characteristics of declining areas. Finally, the method of using vacant spaces as a shelter by considering the characteristics of declining areas is studied.

This study aims to find improvement points by investigating and analyzing the characteristic of interior landscape installation inside Busan subway stations space, and use the result as basic data for constituents of interior landscape model for improving index of greenness of subway stations space. For the aforementioned, this study made a visit to 20 targeted subway stations and took photos of the present conditions of landscape inside interior space, measuring interior landscape installation area using a tape measure, and investigated growing environment by using thermometer·hygrometer and illuminometer. For collected data, this study analyzed index of greenness and interior landscape using Adobe Photoshop CS6 and SPSS Statistics 25 which is a statistical analysis program. The results are as follows. First, for improvement of the index of greenness of subway stations space, it is necessary to design light conditions of interior space as 500lx or above, and for plants, it is also necessary to consider species that can be grown at 5℃ or below. Second, it would be desirable to create interior landscape using the method of relaxation style or complex style for enabling visitors to use pleasantly and conveniently. Third, it is necessary to make interior be harmonized with plants using ornament and facility made of natural materials. Fourth, more active landscaping methods such as tree planting type and hanging type can be introduced considering scale and shape of space where landscaping is available inside subway stations. This study made comprehensive investigation and analysis on the characteristic of interior landscape according to the types after classifying subway stations space as 4 types depending on the physical characteristics of environment (shape, area and the degree of congestion of subway stations), which is considered significant in the way that it has set the direction for improvement of interior landscape environment for qualitative improvement of the index of greenness, and is expected to be used as basic data for planning and improvement of interior landscape inside subway stations space.

This study examined the developmental aspects and conceptual changes of the discourse of national housing, which was not covered in the previous studies, based on the conceptual historical understanding of the 'nation' in the 1940s and 1950s. This is meaningful in that it expanded the scope of awareness of housing research in Korea and attempted a historical and fundamental approach to national housing. The discourse of national housing during the Japanese colonial period in the 1940s began to be formed as part of the wartime mobilization system, and through modern devices, the public recognized themselves as subjects of Japanese Empire and voluntarily conformed to new housing norms. After liberation, Korean society required a housing model reflecting new life that corresponds to the new national system, and it was converted into a national housing with a demonstration character which was realized as it was actually built during the US military period. In the 1950s, the national housing in the Rhee Syngman Government was diluted the discourse of "universal housing" in the past and it was understood as a mixed meaning of the fragmented concepts reflecting the special times. The concept of national housing began as a concept of realistic and practical housing norms for the subjects of Japanese Empire in the 1940s. After liberation, it was changed to the concept of a universal new living housing model with an ideal character that conforms to the new national system. During the Rhee Syngman Government in the 1950s, the concept of national housing changed into a multi-layered type of housing that revealed chaotic times of ideological conflicts between the left and right, national reconstruction, and economic revival before and after the Korean War.

This study is about the architectural publicness of cost guard substation located in Busan's fishing port. The development of cities are causing fishing villages to be included in cities, and the phenomenon of being neglected or killed in functional incongruity is being witnessed. In this situation, interest in the ocean is increasing due to the increase in individual leisure time, and it is attracting attention as a center of marine tourism. In line with this, the government is pushing ahead with its fishing port development policy, but discussions on qualitative improvement and understanding of public services and public spaces have not been made due to the plan focused on aesthetic aspects and programs. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze and evaluate the Busan cost guard substation from the perspective of the 'architectural publicness' discussed in fishing ports. Analyzing cost guard substation by dividing them into internal and external public elements, and discuss how to implement architectural publicness from the wide context to the elements of interior space. Based on this, the purpose of the study is to make suggestions on how to implement future-oriented publicness, and this study is meaningful in that it looked at public buildings in Busan from the perspective of architectural publicness.

This study aims to derive planning factors for modular housing planning by analyzing residents recognition of modular housing and housing satisfaction through the post-occupancy evaluation of Happy House in Dujeong-dong, Cheonan, completed in 2019 using the modular construction method. For this purpose, prior research surveys, theoretical investigations, and user surveys and interviews for post-occupancy evaluation were conducted. Then, along with the housing satisfaction analysis, the importance-satisfaction analysis for housing performance, housing plan, and surrounding environment was conducted to derive variables that have a significant influence on housing satisfaction. As a conclusion, planning factors were derived to increase satisfaction with the modular housing plan. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for planning factors that can increase the residential satisfaction of residents when designing modular housing in the future.

The purpose of this study is to propose an optimized spatial representation method for the real-time evacuation route search. First, the algorithm and spatial representation of route search used in previous studies are investigated. Based on this, Dijkstra algorithm and A* algorithm were selected to be suitable for real-time evacuation route search, and each algorithm was applied to the regular grid method and the node-link method. Also, for the efficient search of real-time evacuation routes in terms of architectural planning, this study proposed a hybrid spatial representation method that combines the regular grid method and the node-link method. The hybrid spatial representation method was discussed by analyzing its significance in terms of systematic aspects and the quality of evacuation routes.

This study is a follow-up to the work of developing quantitative evaluation indicators for universal design, and the purpose was to develop a user-oriented evaluation system unlike preceding research focused on experts. To this end, the study was conducted using 5-principles, 15-components, and 14-user types as a result of the previous research. As a result of the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis, the disabled showed high weighted values focusing on convenience and safety, while The disadvantaged person to mobility and the person not disadvantageous to mobility showed high weighted values centered on safety in 5-principles. It is seems to be caused by the difference between the disabled and the non-disabled. The disabled, the disadvantaged person to mobility, and he person not disadvantageous to mobility showed high importance in safety and convenience, while the experts showed high importance in equity and safety. This has led to confirmation that there are different perspectives between users and professionals. For the 15-components to be used as user-oriented evaluation indicators, user groups and experts showed contrasting forms for the weighted values of convenient space & materials, low physical effort, and maintainability. In addition, the degree of importance of users has been significantly higher for safety and crime prevention. As a result, it reaffirmed that there is a gap between users and experts. Based on the above results, this study presented evaluation indicators and score reflecting the results of the difference in a global weighted value for 3-user groups, and it is meaningful as the first step in transitioning to a quantitative evaluation system that reflects the user's view of maintaining the concept of universal design.

This study examines the expansion of the railway transportation system according to the formation and changes of the operating organization of Chinese Eastern Railway Southern Line, the influence of railway on the spatial structure of Northeast China by comparing the features with the Colonial Transportation Geography Model. The railway center was moved to Harbin, Dalian, Fengtian according to the changes of the operating organization, and the stronghold became the center for performing railway policies and urban planning in Northeast China. Railway zones were established along the railway, similar to foreign concessions. Political, economic, and transportation centers were reorganized around the railway hub center, which led to the concentration of urban development among other cities. As a result of comparing the Rimmer model(1977) and Northeast China, the commonality are the followings; the existing transportation system were formed around the coastal, along the river, and land road built by empire before colonization. In the early stage of colonization, the modern transportation system was built by connecting the port to the inland city by railway. In the advanced stage of colonization, the administration centers were transferred by the intention of the colonial authorities. The difference are the followings; first, the permanent western base was the port city in the Rimmer model, but in Northeast China there were two permanent bases: one inland city and one port city, Harbin and Dalian. Secondly, in the model the permanent base becomes the new capital, however in Northeast China, the inland city along the railway became the new capital due to political and geographical reasons. Finally, in the model, the importance of the existing ceremonial city inclines through in the colonial process, while in Northeast China, ceremonial cities develop by transforming into a new functional city, such as an industrial city.

The purpose of this study was to measure and observe Memes of major architectural trends in Korean modern architectural discourse. After extracting Memes from the text of 'SPACE' magazines, network analysis was used with the Memes which were obtained. As a result, Memes with various contents were investigated, and these Memes could be divided into 24 Memeplexes according to their contents. Among them, four trends considered important in architectural history - Modernism, Post modernism + De-constructivism, Post structuralism + Philosophy of devenir, Phenomenology + Sense of place were examined in more detail. Memplex in the phenomenological family showed strong divergence, surpassing the influence of modernism Memeplex after the 2010s.

There are about 60 apartment in the Japanese colonial period. Naijadong Samguk Apt. was built in from 1935(Main(4F) & Annexed bldg.(3F)) to 1936(New bldg.(4F)) by Samguk Co. as one of the most oldest apt. in Korea. But Naijadong Samguk Apt. has not been clearly understood until now. The aim of this study is to understand the characteristics of Naijadong Samguk Apt. with analysis of historic materials. This study deals with the changes of Sajik-ro as well as Naijadong Samguk Apt. in the whole 20th century. The results of this study are follows; Firstly, Naijadong Samguk Apt. consist of three buildings can be referred to as one of the Korean style apt. with today's perspective. Secondly, Naijadong Samguk Apt. influenced Kyungseong City Street Plan(Naijadong-Sajikdan street) in 1936 as a modern-style apt. of a largest scale reinforced concrete structure apt.. Thirdly, Naijadong Samguk Apt. faithfully follows "Apt. Rules" made by Japanese government in 1933 for fire prevention and evacuation from fire. Finally, Naijadong Samguk Apt. built as a residence of the Japanese upper class was called Naija Apt. and Naija Hotel after the liberation, and continued to be used as residence of ECA, Military Correspondent and UNKRA, USOM and AFRC until it was demolished in 1990. Naijadong Samguk Apt. has value as an largest scale modern-style apt. that had a historical place-ness.

Architect Sou Fujimoto is receiving global attention for his experimental architectural concept, and his architectural theory embodies actual works with five concepts: architecture as a place, architecture with no form, architecture of parts, and architecture between. Le Corbusier, along with Amdédée Ozenfant in 1918 during the period of purism in France, pursued formality and functionality that excluded unnecessary decorations and exaggeration with the criticism of Cubism, and had a impact on modern and contemporary architecture based on the "Five points of new Architecture." Although the two architects have different generations, regions, and styles, they can find many similarities between the interior and exterior spaces. Although Sou Fujimoto denied Le Corbusier's Dom-ino theory, it can be seen that Le Corbusier's architectural concept was applied a lot in the architectural space of his work. The architectural theories of Fujimoto Sou and Le Corbusier were studied, and the Final Wooden House, N House, NA House, Villa Savoye and Villa Sarabhai were selected and analyzed. In order to identify the similarities and differences that make up the space of the two architects, a conclusion was reached by analyzing the theories of Le Corbusier's architectural concepts such as boundary ambiguity, body-considering modular, space overlapping effect. In conclusion, different from the negation of the Dom-ino theory that Fujimoto claims the theory of boundary ambiguity, body-considering modular, space overlapping effect, etc. was implemented based on the architectural theory of Le Corbusier. These features show that Fujimoto's architecture is closely related to Le Corbusier's architectural theories.

With the advancement in computer performance and data analysis techniques, research using big data and machine learning is actively underway in various fields. However, regarding the domestic crime prediction research using machine learning, the current related studies are insufficient because disclosure of crime data is restricted and most of these studies predicted crimes by using a wide range of analysis units or by focusing on a few variables. To effectively distribute police power through practical crime prediction, it is necessary to predict the time and place of the crime. Therefore, in this study, we train machine learning models with 9,413 instances of actual theft crime data having temporal-spatial elements such as crime time and date, buildings, land-use, and CCTV. Thereby, we intend to provide a basis for future research and assist crime prevention activities practically by comparing the results of the prediction models. In this study, we divided the target land into 100 m square grids by using GIS and then inserted crime and temporal-spatial related variables. Subsequently, we trained the typical machine learning models such as random forest, decision trees, SVC, and K-NN, conducted crime prediction, and compared the results of the models. In the case of crime data, generally, an excessive amount of unbalanced data is present for the places where crimes did not occur compared to places where crimes occurred. Unbalanced data can result in noise and cause inaccurate predictions-these issues must be addressed. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a resampling method as an alternative to solve data imbalances and provide crime prediction with improved accuracy. The results of the comparison of the prediction performance of the models showed that the F1 score of the random forest model using the SMOTE method was high. This could be because the data loss of the SMOTE method is less than that of the under-sampling method and the random forest as an ensemble type model has an advantage in predicting data with various variables. We compared the influence of each variable by employing the feature importance function. Overall, the temporal-related variables showed high influence-among them, "crimes occurred within one month" showed the highest influence. Among the physical environment-related variables, "first neighborhood living facility," "retail store," and "detached house" were found to have high influence.

This study is a basic study on the effect of the GTX-A line on the metropolitan area. The main purpose of this study is to examine the range and intensity of the GTX-A line's influence on the accessibility of the surrounding areas in the dimension of urban spatial networks for the entire Seoul metropolitan area including Seoul City and Gyeonggi-do. To the purpose end, first, the expected effect on accessibility that appeared in the initial GTX-A line plan was derived by literature review. Next, using spatial analysis based on ground and underground spatial networks for the entire Seoul metropolitan area, the GTX-A line was compared and analyzed before and after the establishment. Finally, the expected effect of the initial GTX-A line plan on the accessibility of the surrounding area was discussed based on the range and intensity of the change in accessibility by the GTX-A line derived in the previous step. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that the accessibility of the area around the GTX-A line was improved, the range and intensity of change in accessibility were different by regions. It was found that the regional range and intensity of accessibility improvement in the regions at the start and end of the GTX-A line were higher than in other regions. On the other hand, it was found that the intensity of accessibility improvement weakened as it went to the middle point, and in some regions meaning the intensity of accessibility only affected accessibility locally. Considering the results of this analysis, it is expected that the construction of the GTX-A line can improve traffic congestion and welfare in the Seoul metropolitan area, but it is still skeptical about the development of compressed cities through TOD at each surrounding of stations of GTX-A line.

In this study, a standard housing model was defined by collecting various national statistical data based on the actual housing type and occupancy status and selecting values representing each item. The conditions for determining the standard housing model were classified into building use, type, area, structure, equipment, and indoor environment, and then detailed items were constructed with values being referenced from national and international standards and research results. In addition, to secure the reliability of the defined standard housing model, energy simulation was performed based on the set value for each item. Annual heating and cooling costs were calculated based on results and then compared with the national statistical data for typical apartments.

The purpose of this study is to serve as a method for reducing the particulate matter deposited on the indoor surface to maintain comfortable indoor air quality. To reduce the particulate matter deposited on the indoor surface, resuspension flow was generated. The optimal resuspension flow discharge direction and angle were confirmed experimentally for the effective interior surface deposited particulate matter reduction. To reduce the particulate matter deposited on the indoor surface, resuspension flow was generated in each direction to resuspend the deposited particulate matter and was then reduced using an air purifier. Resuspension flow was generated at 0˚, 90˚, 180˚, 270˚, and four-way based on the air front inlet. The experiment for each angle to reduce the deposited particulate matter measured the wind speed in the front inlet of the air purifier by generating the resuspension air flow at 30˚, 60˚, and 90˚ angles. Resulting from the experiment to remove indoor particulate matter using only the air purifier, the difference in the concentration of indoor particulate matter after the operation of the air purifier and when resuspended to confirm the removal of the deposited particulate matter was 47㎍/㎥. Meanwhile, resulting from the experiment that reduced indoor particulate matter by generating resuspended air flow for each direction, the difference in the indoor particulate matter concentration was 15㎍/㎥ at 0˚, 17㎍/㎥ at 90˚, 12㎍/㎥ at 180˚, and 19㎍/㎥ at 270˚. Resulting from the four-way experiments, the difference in the indoor particulate matter concentration was 6㎍/㎥. Therefore, the effect of reducing particulate matter deposited on the indoor surface by using four-way resuspension airflow was the best. As a result of measuring the average wind speed at the front inlet of the air purifier based on discharge angle, the wind speed was found to be 0.74m/s at 30˚, 0.75m/s at 60˚, and 0.77m/s at 90˚; thus, the wind speed was the fastest at 90˚.

In order to present the operation plan of the classroom in response to COVID-19, the change in air environment measurement value of classroom was visualized through trend analysis and quantitatively assessed to provide students with air environment status of classroom in real time so that efficient window-opening environmental control action can be carried out. It was found that as a result of visualizing the amount of change in air environment, it is possible to clearly understand the change trend and the magnitude of change in CO2 concentration. In addition, the concentration of PM10 indicates the trend of maintaining a certain value during class, and the concentration of PM2.5 also indicates the trend of maintaining a stable constant value. And It is useful for quantitatively analyzing changes in air environment as it can quickly and clearly indicate changes in air environment through trend analysis and process & plan of window opening operation in classroom was suggested.

In order to manufacture irregular-shaped formwork faster and cheaper than traditional timber or steel formworks, The F3D(Free-Form Formwork 3D Printer) technology that manufactures cut and laminated EPS(Expanded polystyrene) form-liner by LOM(Laminated object manufacturing) type 3D printers was adopted. Though EPS have excellent machinability, low density, material cost which make it applicable to formwork for irregular-shaped structure, EPS may undergo large deformation under lateral pressure exerted by fresh concrete because of its low compressive strength and elastic modulus. This paper present a process of deformation compensation to reduce deformation of EPS form-liner. To predict deformation of EPS, 3D finite element analysis considering later pressure by fresh concrete was used and deformation compensation plan based on analysis result was derived. The proposed compensation method was demonstrated using finite element analysis and evaluated by measuring geometric error of cylindrical product with various radius, slope, and curvature.

As the real estates occupy major portion of domestic households assets, relevant issue has been dealt seriously by the Korean government. However, apartment prices in downtown Seoul, the capital city, have soared despite various policies. Forecasting the real estate market trend has become an important research topic in order to provide information for establishing policies. In the prediction of the real estate market in the previous studies, two research directions were classified as follows: quantitative economic models and machine learning models. Regarding this trend, there was a need for comparative research on machine learning models, emerging methods, that are used to compare and predict various real estate indices. In this study, the machine learning model RF(Random Forest), XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting), and LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) are used to select suitable machine learning models for selected real estate index and conduct a comparative study to validate predictive power of machine learning models. Apartment sales index, land price index, charter price index, and real estate psychological index using univariate variables are predicted. In addition, RF, XGBoost and LSTM models all tended to be generally marginal with RMSE values of 0.0268, 0.0296, and 0.0259 in charter(Jeonse), Korean traditional pre-deposit rental system, price index data with linear but small variants. This shows that the prediction of the real estate index is deviated from the prediction accuracy of machine learning models depending on the periodic characteristics and data characteristics of the real estate index.

In this study, a parallel demolition reverse casting method (PW method) was proposed that utilizes the existing underground external wall without removing it. In this method, the inside of the existing underground outer wall is reinforced with a steel plate and used as an earthen wall during underground construction. After installing an additional steel plate inside the reinforced wall, concrete are filled inside the reinforced wall to be used as the outer wall of the basement of a new structure. In order to evaluate the workability of the proposed construction method, the proposed method was applied to an actual site and compared with the method of demolition and reconstruction of existing underground outer walls and structures. As a result of the study, it was found that the proposed method shortens the construction period by 25.84% and the construction cost by 30.04% compared to the temporary strut method after demolition.

In buildings constructed with sandwich panels, when a fire occurs, fire spreads and toxic gases are generated in a short time, increasing valuable life and property damage. Therefore, in this study, EPS sandwich panels are the most widely used among sandwich panels produced in Korea. I wanted to present it. In this study, in order to improve the residential environment by increasing the flame retardant performance of the sandwich panel, which is expected to seriously damage human life in case of fire, the following conclusions were drawn. 1) As a result of analyzing the fire characteristics of the sandwich panel by KSF 2271, the flame retardant EPS sandwich panel showed the result value that satisfies the flame retardant performance grade standard due to the flame retardant coating treatment of the core material. 2) The flame-retardant method of EPS panels can be said to be practically highly applicable to the field and high development potential according to the manufacturing method of modified water glass as a coating material and the mixing ratio of the material.

Measurement management of the displacement for retaining structure at a small construction site is associated with smallness of the contractor, lack of measurement management capability, complexity of installation and disassembly of measuring instruments, and difficulty analyzing measurement data problems. However, trend analysis has revealed that no technology has been developed to address these problems and be applied to the small construction site. This study aims to develop a pilot type of a displacement measurement system of retaining structure based on a rotary laser distance sensor. In this study, the hardware composition and software functions of the pilot type to be developed were defined. Based on this, it was developed, and its measurement process was verified through an indoor experiment. If a prototype applied with the study results is developed in the future, it is expected that it can significantly reduce the collapse of the retaining structure in small construction site.

As social interest in the use of the fourth industrial revolution technology has recently increased, various technological innovation tasks for efficient use of these technologies have been carried out and paid off in order to upgrade production technologies and improve productivity in all sectors of the domestic industry. In response, this study investigated the current VR and AR utilization status of the construction industry for design offices, contractors, maintenance companies, and service providers to derive and improve the utilization problems of the contents, platforms, networks, and devices that comprise VR and AR. As a result, the lack of professional manpower was the biggest problem for content and platforms, and in the case of networks, there are various problems among construction industry workers, and devices are the biggest problems with expensive and uncomfortable wearing. As an improvement measure, it was shown that fostering professionals was most urgent for content and platforms, networking needed network enhancement for use in wireless environments, and devices needed to be lightweight and streamlined.