ARTI (Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, KAERI) has been operating a 30 MeV cyclotron and is going to produce $^{89}Zr$ which is useful for diagnosis of cancer as an alternative of FDG (FluoroDeoxyGlucose). It is produced by proton irradiation on $^{89}Y$ target. Shielding analysis of a transport container has not been carried out, though there has been few cases of producing $^{89}Zr$ in Korea. In this study, we carry out shielding analysis for the $^{89}Zr$ transport container with MCNPX code. $^{89}Zr$ of which physical half life is 78.4 hours emits 0.909 MeV energy through a gamma transition at 99.9% fraction and ${\beta}^+$ emission at 23% fraction. The material of transport container is 97% lead with 3% antimony alloy, and the shape is cylindrical with diameter of 85 mm, height of 124 mm and weight about 8 kg. Radiation sources in transport container and were modeled based on the above data. Detectors which is a cylindrical shape with a radius and a height of 1cm respectively were set up from the outside of the transport container. Total of 8 tallies defined as F4 tally were also applied to calculate of flux for volume. Calculation results using MCNPX show that transport container can contain $^{89}Zr$ up to approximately 40 mCi to meet the radiation regulation of nuclear Act. This calculation is based on the surface radiation dose rate of $2mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ given in the radiation regulations. However, since the conditions used in analyses are conservative, actual maximum activity would be higher.

A total of 266 patients (201 males, 65 females, mean age 53.1 years) who underwent abdominal ultrasound and abdominal CT examinations at the same time were included in this retrospectively studied from January 2016 to December 2017. Fatty liver were found in 108 patients (40.6%) of abdominal ultrasonography and in 21 patients (7.8%) of abdominal CT scan. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 5 times higher incidence of fatty liver than abdominal CT scan. Gallbladder stones were detected in 11 patients (4.1%) by abdominal ultrasonography and It was a 5 times more than abdominal CT scan (7 patients, 2.6%). Gallbladder polyps were detected 21 patients (7.8%) underwent abdominal ultrasound examination and the detection rate was a 5 times higher than the abdominal CT scan (4 patients, 1.5%). Both gallbladder stones and polyps were better seen on abdominal sonography than on abdominal CT. Abdominal ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic method for the mild fatty liver and detection of small intestinal polyps of less than 5 mm in diameter. Abdominal CT scan is a useful diagnostic method to detect lesions that have been missed by abdominal ultrasound, including kidney tumors, stones, adrenal tumors, and cysts. The diagnosis of abdominal ultrasound and abdominal CT could be useful in minimizing the diagnostic errors.

In this study, the mass attenuation coefficients for all five of the IAEA reference material samples(apparent density in a measuring bottle: $0.50{\sim}1.45g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$), including soil, milk powder, hay and moss soil, were determined using the CT (Calibration Transmission) method. A certified mixed gamma-ray sources including $^{241}Am$, $^{88}Cd$, $^{57}Co$, $^{113}Sn$, $^{85}Sr$ and $^{137}Cs$ were added to the IAEA reference samples for the validation of present method. The self-attenuation correction factors for the gamma-ray energies of 59.5 keV, 88 keV, 122.1 keV, 391.7 keV, 514 keV and 661.7 keV were determined and applied to the self-attenuation correction. As a result, the accuracy of gamma-ray spectrometry for environmental samples used in this study was improved especially for lower energy gamma-ray emitting radionuclides.

This study is intended to provide radiation stability information to the local residents through measurements and analyses of the environmental radiation levels in the natural environments of Jeollanamdo and Jeollabukdo. Three environmental samples, including water, tree leaves, and soil, were collected in seven popular recreational forests, selected from forests in Jeollanamdo and Jeollabukdo including national parks. The control group was determined after referring to the emission concentration of activity in other regions and the environmental radioactivity concentration data released by KINS in 2012 and in conformity with Nuclear Safety Law and Recommendations of UNSCEAR and ICRP. The collected samples underwent air drying preprocess before removing organic matters (tree branches, fallen leaves, and gravels) out of them, and the pretreated samples were dried using a vacuum oven, followed by the gamma detection using High Purity Germanium Detector (HPGe) and Multi-Channel Pulse Height Analyzer (MCA) after conducting measurement per sample for a period of 80,000 seconds. As results, the level of environmental radiation was $^{40}K\;0.36Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ that did not exceed the reported environmental radiation levels detected at tree leaves by KINS in 2012, $^{137}Cs\;71.5Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ and $^{40}K\;66.792Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, while $^{137}Cs$ was not detected. In case of surface soil sample, $^{137}Cs\;13.3{\pm}0.4Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $^{40}K\;810Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ were confirmed in the study in comparison with the reported average radiation emission on the surface soil by KINS in the same year, $^{137}Cs\;10.815Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $^{40}K\;835.66{\pm}184.9Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, which $^{137}Cs$ exceeded the KINS data while $^{40}K$ was lower than the data. For the collected deep soil, $^{137}Cs\;14.7Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $^{40}K\;946Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ were resulted, comparing them to $^{137}Cs\;21.5Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $^{40}K\;670{\pm}16Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, showing higher concentration of $^{137}Cs$ and lower concentration of $^{40}K$ than those in KINS data. When analyzing the entire soil samples including surface and deep soils, $^{137}Cs$ was confirmed to have less radiation level as the depth of soil increased, implying $^{40}K$ was not affected by the depth of soil. When the radiation emission concentration was measured in-situ in the recreational forests, surface soil samples showed higher levels than the reported emission levels of environmental radioactivity by KINS in 2012 for $^{137}Cs$ while the deep soil exhibited lower level than the reported one. The radiation level was lower than the minimum acceptable level recommended by ICRP, UNSCEAR, and Nuclear Power Act. When the radiation level data from other regions were adopted as the control group, $^{137}Cs$ showed relatively higher level in the study area. The results of this study are expected to be used as the basic public health data for visitors to the forests in Jeollanamdo and Jeollabukdo as well as for local residents in the future.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects on reduction of harmful microorganisms contaminated and changes of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ${\beta}$-sitosterol in germinated brown rice flour by electron beam (EB) irradiation. Germinated brown rice sprouts with 2 mm length were separated, dried and ground for manufacturing flour. The flour was divided to 6 portions and EB-irradiated within the absorbed dose of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 kGy. Non-irradiated one was used as control. EB irradiation could reduce the numbers of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Data from $D_{10}$ values of microflora also indicated that EB irradiation of 5 kGy could reduce the number of the harmful microorganisms. GABA was not affected by EB irradiation, but ${\beta}$-sitosterol was affected and the content decreased. The results appeared that EB irradiation can apply to eliminate the harmful microorganisms contaminated in germinated brown rice sprout for use to processed foods as raw material.

Abdominal ultrasound images with or without compression of the transducers, before and after endoscopy, were evaluate SNR and CNR which showing good images of abdominal organs (centered on the pancreas) and the effect of reducing stomach, duodenum, and intestinal gas artifacts. Statistical analysis was performed using the non-parametric krukal-Wallis test comparisons between the presence or absence of compression and before and after endoscopy. The structural model of the triple batch method with the different number of experimenters was used for expected factors that will affect the response value (with or without compression, SNR or CNR, group). Between difference before and after endoscopy and SNR, CNR intergroup interactions were statistically significant. Scheffe's post test was used to compare the mean difference between groups, the response value of overweight was higher than that of the control group (phantom), and there was no difference between the other groups in the control group. CNR and SNR and intergroup interactions are similar to intergroup effect of overweight (NO) before endoscopy in responses to CNR and SNR were significant differences and other patients showed similar results to phantom. Before and after endoscopy of with or without compression, there was no difference between before and after endoscopy. The SNR and CNR values were higher than those of compression stress. Therefore it would considered necessary to apply pressure to improve the quality of the abdominal ultrasound image.

The MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended) is a program defined as the simulation using a stochastic system for decision making in an uncertain situation. In this study, general X-ray tube modeling and apply energy-spectrum were compared physical characteristics including the photon fluence, percent depth dose (PDD) and energy-spectrum. For photon fluence, X-ray tube modeling was lower than apply energy-spectrum modeling. For PDD and energy-spectrum, X-ray tube modeling was similar to other modeling. However, simulation time at X-ray tube modeling was higher than other modeling. Consequently, apply energy-spectrum modeling could be useful in terms of simulation time with reliability in MCNPX simulation.

Through the 4-dimensional RPM coumputerizezd treatment plan the abdomen-liver-cancer patietnt's DVH can be gained Through that according to the absence or presence of Gating the goal is to cure the radiation and through the researching of surrounding tumor tissues and normal tissue dose, the goal is to achieve the cure for radiation. Through the 4-dimensional treatment and the induction treatment and the movement and motion images of the patient, through the process of treatment plan for protecting normal tissue dose rather than anti-tumor dose, a useful treatment plan will be confirmed the research that enhances and improves the accuracy and precision must keep continue to be researched. The RPM will be ran on the part that gets influenced by normal tissues or moving organs. Therefore it will help to develop the process of the treatment of tumor tissues so it is very crucial to reduce the dose of normal tissues to reduce any possible dangers and obstacles.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effective dose of radon by radon exposure by measuring the concentration of radon in university lecture room. The measurement of radon concentration was made in two lecture rooms on the first floor of reinforced concrete structure from March to May, 2018. On weekends when there was no use of the lecture room, it was measured for 24 hours in a closed state for 12 hours before measurement, and continued for 12 hours in 12 hours and 12 hours in continuous for 5 weeks. The indoor radon concentration was measured by a radon meter and an analysis program, and the indoor radon concentration per unit time was converted in real time. The annual effective dose and the continuously measured radon concentration due to radon inhalation were analyzed for mean and standard deviation, coefficient of variation, indoor radon concentration range, and quartile range. The closed lecture room radon concentration was estimated to be $67{\sim}81.8Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$ (mean $74.5{\pm}6.65Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) and the effective dose per year was $0.289{\sim}0.353mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$. The average radon concentration in normal operation was $26.6{\sim}54Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$ (mean $40.2{\pm}8.34Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$), which was 54% lower than the closed room. The mean radon concentration was $48.3{\pm}5.94Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$ before the start of the academic year, $31.3{\pm}6.64Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$, the average radon concentration was $41.9{\pm}9.64Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$, $0.115{\sim}0.233mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$. Radon concentration $32.2{\sim}54Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$ (average $45.7{\pm}5.2Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) at 18:00 o'clock without the lecture at 09:00 the following day, quaternary range $43.9{\sim}48.8Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$, annual effective dose $0.190{\sim}0.211mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$ respectively. Radon concentration was $26.6{\sim}40Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$ (average $31.3{\pm}6.64Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) from 09:00 am to 18:00 pm, which was reduced by 68.5% compared to the classroom without class, and the quartile range was $28.3{\sim}33.8Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$, and annual effective dose was $0.122{\sim}0.146mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$. The average radon concentration in the lecture room was 10 min resting time ($31.8{\pm}6.54Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) after lecture 50 minutes, 10 minutes resting time ($32.3{\pm}7.18Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) after 1 hour and 50 minutes lecture, and $0.008{\sim}0.013mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$. The average indoor radon concentration of $40.2{\pm}8.92Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$ for 2 hours and 50 minutes of continuous use in classroom, the annual effective dose of $0.01{\sim}0.016mSv{\cdot}y^{-1}$ for 50 minutes or 1 hour 50 minutes, indoor radon concentration and annual effective dose of about 30% respectively. The radon concentrations in the lecture room were measured at lower levels than the indoor radon concentration control standards, and the hazard coefficients from the radon inhalation in these environments were evaluated to be lower than the population mean life time cancer risk.

Advances in medical technology to evaluate the variety and frequency of the diagnostic test to learn the change of the noise value and the SNR according to the change in the tube voltage as a target in the MDCT trend to increase throughout the world for the high image acquisition and appropriate patient dose. This study in both the scan time, slice thickness, kernel value of S's and the same equipment Somatom Definition Flash Tube voltage 80, 100, 120, is changed to 140 kVp to measure the noise and SNR. Noise and SNR measurement is measured 10 times for each condition by setting the ROI in Clibration QC Phantom of the same size are shown as mean. Change in the noise in the first Care Dose 4D decreased 60.8% increase relative to 80 kVp to 100 kVp to, decreased 46.3% increase in 120 kVp, increasing to 39.8% and decreased to 140 kVp. And mA Fix (200 mA) decreased 63.1% increase in the 100 kVp based 80 kVp, decreased 48.7% increase in 120 kVp, decreased to 41.7% increase in when 140 kVp. First, the change in SNR Care Dose 4D decreased by -100% increase in 100 kVp based 80 kVp, 120 kVp to increase during -366.7% decrease, decreased to -433.3% increase in when 140 kVp and mA fix (200 mA) The 83.3% increase relative to the increase in 100 kVp, 80 kVp, increase 120 kVp increased by 250%, increased from 383.3% increase in when 140 kVp. In this study with an increase in the tube voltage was found with the Noise SNR is reduced, the noise proper to valuable diagnostic image acquisition, with the tube voltage value and the optimum SNR is believed to minimize patient dose.

Waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for disposal of very low level waste (VLLW), which is generated in large quantities during decommissioning of nuclear facilities should be developed. For the WAC development, it is required to investigate current status to develop WAC for disposal of VLLW. The objective of the present study was to investigate radioactive waste classification and WAC for disposal of VLLW from decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Each country developed its own system for the classification of radioactive waste. Therefore, the classification system for radioactive waste in each country was analyzed to review its WAC of the radioactive waste, which is equivalent to the VLLW in the Korea waste classification system. The category of the VLLW in the waste classification systems of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the United Kingdom (UK) was similar to the category of the VLLW in the waste classification systems of Korea. For the United States(US), the category of Class A was similar to the VLLW in the Korea system. The IAEA provided the general guidance for the WAC based on the safety assessment of disposal system. The US and the UK developed the WAC based on national radioactive waste disposal policy and characteristics of disposal facilities and radioactive waste in addition to the IAEA general guidance. Therefore, the WAC for disposal of VLLW in Korea should be developed by considering the national radioactive waste disposal policy, characteristics of disposal facilities, and the IAEA guidance. This study results will contribute to establishment of national management system of radioactive waste.

Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires fluoroscopic and radiographic exposures, which impose radiation risks to patients. The aim of the study was to calculate radiation doses for patients and cancer risk for patients during procedures by department. In this study, a total of 288 patients (Male: 182, female: 106), conducted using a ERCP system from January to March of 2016, were analyzed. A total of 288 patients were eligible, regardless of gender, with an average age of $61.28{\pm}13.4$ (19~91) years. The procedures were performed in the radiology department using a fluoroscopy X-ray machine (multidiagnost ELEVA FD). In study, fluoroscopy time, DAP (Dose area product) values, effective dose and cancer risk by department were measured. DAP measurements can be used to estimate an effective dose (ED) and cancer risk to patients undergoing ERCP. Mean fluoroscopy time of all departments was $7.05{\pm}7min$ (0.4~71.2 min). LTS (liver transplantation & hepatobiliary surgery) had the highest fluoroscopy time with $10.58{\pm}7.93min$, and HBP (hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery) had the lowest fluoroscopy time with $3.38{\pm}1.93min$ (p<0.01). Mean DAP values of all departments was $8.40{\pm}7.77mGy{\cdot}cm^2$. LTS had the highest DAP value with $11.96{\pm}9.03mGy{\cdot}cm^2$, and HBP had the lowest DAP value with $4.15{\pm}2.73mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ (p<0.01). Mean effective dose of all departments was $0.68{\pm}0.63mSv$. LTS had the highest effective dose with $0.97{\pm}0.73mSv$, and HBP had the lowest effective dose with $0.34{\pm}0.22mSv$ (p<0.01). Mean cancer risk of all departments was $1.007{\pm}0.006$ time, and LTS had the highest cancer risk with 1.06 time (p<0.01). LTS had the highest cancer risk with 1.06 time but the risk is low in the approximate 1.0 times. Therapeutic ERCP procedure is beneficial to the patient, but may be necessary comprehensive management and efforts to reduce radiation dose.

In recent years, X-ray cargo inspection systems have been rapidly being installed at ports, airports, and borders to strengthen the security of baggage and the prohibition of transaction with drugs and contraband. We at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute are currently developing a dual-energy X-ray cargo inspection system. In this study, a 64-channel charge sensitive readout system consisting of two 32-channel readout systems has been designed for collecting and amplifying signal charges from detector arrays. The 32-channel readout system was composed of 8 detector arrays (four photodiodes per one detector array, 2 mm pitch), 32 hold switches, 32 charge integrators, 32 reset switches, 32 sample-and-holds, 32 output switches, an output buffer, a frequency divider (divide by 4), and a 32-bit shift register. Each component was well designed and optimized for our system, and the size of the fabricated circuit board is $135mm{\times}71.5mm$. From the visible light tests, the output pulses and the corresponding images were successfully acquired according to the intensity of the incident light.

CT is an imaging tomography using the original is useful to monitor the disease, such as bone fractures due to indicate the calcified tissue inflammation evaluated as not suitable for three-dimensional imaging the three-dimensional image. Among the various contents of these CT, we evaluated the usefulness of Dual Energy CT gout used for ventilation. The patients diagnosed with gout targeting Conventional CT examination and DECT 6 patients who underwent examination by Scan data is sent to the post refomation LEONARDO were using the gout software. Then reconstructing the 3D image using the Gout CTM CA, analyzed, and compared to previously used methods the new DECT. As a result, it was found that DECT is a more accurate location of the disease and the diagnosis is possible than the conventional method.