Purpose: This study was aimed to develop a tool for evaluating nurses' performance by using Balanced Score Card (BSC) in hospital units. Methods: Preliminary survey was done in 10 hospitals to investigate evaluation criteria for nurses' performance. For the main study, each of 14 nursing managers evaluated 2 nursing units (total of 28 nursing units) to verify the sensitivity of the tool criteria. The evaluation result drawn from the preliminary BSC tool was analyzed to verify the sensitivity and validity of the tool. Results: As a result, nurses' performance evaluation tool consisted of 4 categories, 8 objectives, and 14 criteria was developed. Conclusion: The BSC tool for nurses' performance evaluation provides meaningful data in evaluating nursing performance in hospital units.

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to investigate the degrees of emotional labor and the effects of Type A personality, emotional expressiveness, job stress, and social support on the emotional labor among clinical nurses. Methods: The subjects of this study were the clinical nurses working at the general hospital in Seoul. The subjects were selected by quota sampling in consideration of the length of employment and the working units. The self-reported questionnaires were administered to 286 clinical nurses and the data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 software Results: The level of emotional labor of the subjects was revealed moderate to high. Significant explanatory variables of the degrees of emotional labor included psychological job load, the lack of job autonomy, and role conflicts. These three variables demonstrated the explanatory power of 11.4% of the emotional labor. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the intervention program intervening emotional labor should be developed in order to improve psychological job load, the job autonomy, and role conflicts among clinical nurses.

Purpose: This study was to explore the meaning of masculinity in nursing by investigating how the male qualities are expressed in the culture of nursing wherein men represent a minority group. Methods: Connell's hegemonic masculinity theory (1987, 1995) and qualitative thematic analysis were used to conduct this study in which eight male nurses participated. Braun and Clarke's six stages of thematic analysis (2006) were used for data analysis. Results: The results indicated that masculinity in nursing meant 'soft masculinity' meeting the expectations of the discipline while keeping the male qualities intact. Male nurses were found to suppress their masculinity at earlier stages of their career and to make themselves more accommodating to the profession. However, males re-asserted their masculinity once they became more comfortable with their nursing work. Conclusion: In the field of nursing, masculinity was found to be subjected to stages of attenuating and consolidating which take place in succession. Consolidation of the male qualities was motivated rather unexpectedly by female colleagues. The results confirmed that the issue of gender in nursing is an important factor in recruiting and understanding male nurses in the future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of professional socialization perceived by nursing students on role conflict and professional self-concept. Methods: Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 683 nursing students. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression were conducted using SAS program. Results: The mean score of total professional socialization was 3.74 followed by the scores of 'independence', 3.98, 'commitment', 3.80, 'decision making', 3.60, and 'maturity', 3.53. The mean score of total role conflict was 3.72, and professional self-concept was 2.75. Total professional socialization, commitment, and independence perceived by nursing students were positively related to role conflict. Also total professional socialization and total subcategories of professional socialization were positively related to professional self-concept. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, the key determinants of role conflict were found to be 'independence', 'motivation with admission', 'sex', 'desire with working', 'grade' and 'decision making'. The key determinants of professional self-concept were 'decision making', 'commitment', 'satisfaction about nursing', and 'interpersonal relationship'. Conclusion: Through this results, it is necessary to improve professional socialization in order to increase professional self-concept among nursing students.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of Brain Death Organ Donation Education on nurses' knowledge and attitudes. Methods: It is a quasi-experimental study using the non-equivalent control group. A total of 100 nurses participated in the study; 50 in the experimental group, and the rest in control group. Collected data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test and ANCOVA by SPSS 12.0 program Results: There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge (F=13.29, p<.001), and attitude (F=4.35, p=.040) after the experimental group received Brain Death Organ Donation Education. Conclusion: The Brain Death Organ Donation Education was revealed as an effective tool in improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation.

Purpose: Postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) is a common problem after general anesthesia. The aim of this prospective, double-blind randomized study was to compare the effect of Propofol-Remifentanil vs. Sevoflurane inhalational anesthetics on PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Forty patients (ASA physical status 1, 2) scheduled for elective surgery participated in the study. Twenty of them received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA group) with Propofol-Remifentanil, and the rest were given Sevoflurane inhalational anesthetics (inhalation group). The TIVA group was induced with Propofol 5mcg/ml and Remifentanil 3~4mcg/ml. The anesthesia was maintained with the continuous infusion of Propofol 2~3mcg/ml and Remifentanil 2~3mcg/ml IV. The inhalation group was induced with Pentotal Sodium 5mg/kg and 3~4mcg/kg/hr IV Remifentanil. Maintenance was obtained with 1.5~2.0 vol% Sevoflurane. Results: The subjects in TIVA group reported less PONV than those in Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia group. Conclusion: Propofol-Remifentanil anesthesia (TIVA group) was considered a satisfactory anesthetic technique in reducing PONV in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare maternal perceptions between two groups of postpartum women, women who chose to have their babies room-in and women who did not (non rooming-in group). Methods: Data collection was conducted in 37 hospitals from August 10 to September 20, 2008. The participants were 209 mothers opting for rooming-in and 128 mothers for non rooming-in. The women completed a questionnaire which included the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale, maternal attachment inventory, and postpartum self-evaluation questionnaire. Results: There were significant differences in education level, income and antenatal education between the rooming-in and non rooming-in groups. The rooming-in group also showed higher levels of satisfaction with medical services. More important, the rate of breast feeding for the rooming-in group was higher than for the non rooming-in group. There was no difference between the two groups for postpartum depression, maternal attachment and mothers' confidence with infant care tasks. Conclusion: These findings suggest that rooming-in system has more advantages compared to non rooming-in and that it can help to promote breast feeding. The authors recommend that the rooming-in system be expanded nationwide. The results of this research can be used to assist the development of future rooming-in system expansion strategy.

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effect of a urinary incontinence management program on physical symptoms, daily life problems, and sexual life problems for women with mixed urinary incontinence. Methods: This study was conducted using a one group pre-test and post-test design. For the survey, 28 women having mixed urinary incontinence were chosen by convenience sampling and agreed to participate in this study. Their physical symptoms (urinary symptoms, maximum vaginal contraction pressure, and duration of vaginal contraction), daily life problems, and sexual life problems were measured. For descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used with SPSS Win 14.0. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the mean scores of physical symptoms (urinary symptoms and maximum vaginal contraction pressure), daily life problems, and sexual life problems. Conclusion: This urinary incontinence management program showed improvements in physical symptoms, daily life, and sexual life of women in the sample. The study results indicate that for effective urinary incontinence management programs nurses should recognize the importance of continual treatment and also develop coping strategies that have sensitivity and are appropriate for patients' daily and sexual problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which affect the quality of nursing services and intention to revisit as perceived by hospitalized patients and nurses in medium sized urban hospitals. Methods: The SERVQUAL scale, a measurement of overall nursing services and intention to revisit a medical institution, was used. The sample consisted of 223 patients and 239 nurses from four medium sized hospitals in I city. Frequencies, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise method regression were used to analyze the data. Results: For expectation, nurse and patient perceptions were similar, but for performance, patient perception was significantly higher than nurse perception for five factors. The factors affecting intention to revisit the hospital were those recommending, satisfaction with medical and nursing services. Conclusion: The findings indicate that differences between expectations and performance for both patients and nurses need to be reduced in order to elevate patient satisfaction. A precondition for intention to revisit and increased satisfaction is the development of marketing strategies as well as intervention programs in nursing.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and characteristics of occupational blood and body fluid exposure for operating room personnel during surgical procedures and identify risk factors. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used to survey 519 operating room personnel who participated in 132 surgeries in an acute care hospital in Seoul between April 12 and 20, 2006. Results: The response rate was 82% (530/646) and analyzed total 519 except for improper 11 questionnaires. Exposure rate was 45.5% (60/132) during operations and 20.4% (106/519) for operating room personnel. By job categories, the exposure rate was as follows; anesthesiologists and nurses 31.2% (44/141), operators and assistants 22.1% (32/145), circulating nurses 12.0% (11/92), scrub nurses 11.4% (14/123). The mucous membrane-eye exposure with a high risk of transmitting infection was 6.6% (7/106) and the most frequent route of exposure was blood and body fluid touching unprotected skin. In multivariate analysis, the risk factors of exposure were services, duration of operation, a patient who had a peripheral arterial catheter line, and job category. Conclusion: Educational programs and appropriate use of personal protective equipment are necessary to prevent operating room personnel from being exposed to blood and body fluid.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore self-reported perceived stigma, self-efficacy, and quality of life among psychiatric outpatients Methods: In the present study, researchers analyzed the survey responses of 195 patients recruited in the S hospital psychiatry outpatient clinic. The measurement tools used in this study were the "Devaluation & Discrimination" scale to determine perceptions of stigmatization, general and social efficacy scales to measure self-efficacy, and the "General Well-Being Index" to measure quality of life in psychiatric outpatient. Statistical analysis included means with standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients to identify relationships between the variables. Results: There was a significant difference in self-perceived stigma and quality of life in psychiatric outpatients (r=-.233, p=.001) and a negative correlation between self-efficacy and quality of life (r=-.424, p=.000). Correlation analysis results support the hypothesis that higher self-perceived stigma scores were related to reduced quality of life among patients with schizophrenia (r=-.231, p=.021), while there was a positive correlation between self-perceived stigma scores and self-efficacy scores among patients with bipolar disorder (r=.362, p=.013). Conclusion: The findings suggest that nursing imtervention strategies should include education programs to reduce stigmatization and enhance self-efficacy and quality of life among patients with chronic psychiatric illnesses.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify role through job analysis (duties and tasks) of nurses who work as clinical nurses with education and clinical nurse with patient coordination within the hospital. Methods: The DACUM committee was organized with 8 nurses each, clinical nurses with education and clinical nurses with coordination. The committee derived the duties and tasks of the two groups of clinical nurses from their actual work in the hospital through a DACUM workshop. Validity of the derived duties and tasks was tested by 12 nurses at each of 3 hospital. Results: For clinical nurse with education, 8 duties and 45 tasks were identified, which included patient education and consultation, patient advocacy, management of the therapeutic process, direct nursing care, activities work directed at improvement, management of health promotion events, administration work, and self-improvement. For clinical nurse with coordination, 10 duties and 54 tasks were identified, and included client consultation, client education, direct nursing care, coordination of therapeutic flow, employee education, public relations with the community, planning and operation of meetings, administration work, work directed at improvement, and self-improvement. Conclusion: The results of this study contribute to not only the work of the participants but also basic data for human resource management in the hospital.