Now a day's rise of new antibiotic resistant bacterial strains is a global threat. Ethnic people of India have been employing Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker wood extract in healing cancerous wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and to identify the medicinally potent chemicals in the essential oil extract of A. polystachya. The antibacterial properties of various organic extracts were evaluated against a range of bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) based on the disc diffusion method and GC-MS based analysis for finding active oil extract components. All extracts of A. polystachya leaves showed potential antibacterial activity, notably ethyl acetate, while petroleum ether extracts revealed highly sensitive activity against all tested bacteria (zones of inhibition ranging from 8.83 to 11.23 mm). In addition, the petroleum ether extract had the lowest MIC value (32 to $256{\mu}g/mL$) against E. coli, S. lutea, X. campestris, and B. subtilis bacteria. The major compounds detected in oil [${\beta}$-elemene (16.04 %), ${\beta}$-eudesmol (12.78 %), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (19.37 %), ${\beta}$-selinene (11.32 %), elemol (5.76 %), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (5.68 %)] are expected to be responsible for the potent antimicrobial activity. The results of this study offer valuable insights into the potent role of A. polystachya essential oil extract in pharmaceutical and antibiotic research.

Methamphetamine addiction is a critical issue due to the lack of effective pharmacotherapy and high potential for relapse. Nevertheless, there are no distinct biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis for methamphetamine addiction. In the present study, a rat model for methamphetamine self-administration was established and alteration of urinary metabolites by methamphetamine addiction was investigated by the targeted metabolite analysis using mass spectrometry. Rat urine samples were collected at three time points (before and after addiction and after extinction) from the methamphetamine-addicted group as well as the age-matched control group. The collected samples were prepared using AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit and analyzed using flow injection analysis (FIA) - or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The levels of lysine, acetylornithine and methioninesulfoxide were distinctively altered depending on the status of metheamphetamine addiction or extinction. In particular, the level of acetylornithine was reversely changed from addiction to extinction, for which further studies could be useful for biomarker discovery or mechanistic studies for methamphetamine addiction.

The leaves (Mori Folium; MF), branches (Mori Ramulus; MR), and root bark (Mori Cortex Radicis; MCR) of the mulberry tree have been used as therapeutic herbs for centuries. Existing analytical methods were developed specifically for different parts of the tree and cannot be applied to samples containing a mixture of tree parts. Such method specialization is time-consuming and requires separate identification and quality control of each tree part. This report describes an HPLC method for the simultaneous quality control and discrimination of MF, MR, and MCR using four marker compounds: rutin, kuwanon G, oxyresveratrol, and morusin. An Optimapak $C_{18}$ column ($4.6{\times}250mm$, $5{\mu}m$) was used with a gradient elution of 0.1 % formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 270 nm. In quantitative analyses of the three parts, rutin (0.11 % w/w) was detected only in MF. The oxyresveratrol content (0.12 % w/w) was highest in MR. Kuwanon G (0.33 % w/w) and morusin (0.18 % w/w) were higher in MCR than in other parts. The HPLC method given herein can be used to simultaneously classify and quantify three herbal medicines from the mulberry tree.

Microwave-assisted organic synthesis has gained a remarkable interest over the past years because of its advantages - (i) rapid energy transfer and superheating, (ii) higher yield and rapid reaction, (iii) cleaner reactions. Ionic liquids are well known for their unique properties such as negligible vapor pressure and high thermal stability. With these properties, ionic liquids have gained increasing attention as green, multi-use reaction media. Recently, ionic liquids have been applied as reaction media for biocatalysis. Lipase-catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids provide high activity and yield compared to conventional organic solvents or solvent free system. Since polar molecules are generally good absorbent to microwave radiation, ionic liquids were investigated as reaction media to improve activity and productivity. In this study, therefore, the effect of microwave irradiation in ionic liquids was investigated on lipase catalyzed reactions such as benzyl acetate synthesis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester synthesis. Comparing to conventional heating, microwave heating showed almost the same final conversion but increased initial reaction rate (3.03 mM/min) compared to 2.11 mM/min in conventional heating at $50^{\circ}C$.

In this study, we isolated ginseng crude saponin (GCS) from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and determined the ginsenoside content in it to investigate the physiological and pathological effects of GCS on acute pulmonary inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution in BALB/c mice. GCS was orally administered at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg for 3 weeks. The recovery rate of GCS from KRG was 6.5 % and total ginsenosides from GCS was 1.13 %, and the content of Rb1 was the highest among them. Total inflammatory cells in the lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased following intratracheal administration of CSC and LPS. However, GCS administration impaired this increase. Furthermore, it inhibited the increase in leukocytes in the blood, considerably decreased neutrophils in BALF, and declined infiltration of inflammatory cells and deposition of collagen in the tracheal and alveolar tissue. In this study, GCS was found to have a protective effect against acute pulmonary inflammation and it may be beneficial in preventing various respiratory diseases.

The Korean Pharmacopoeia (KP XI), British Pharmacopoeia (BP 2013) and Japanese Pharmacopoeia contain monographs for the quality control of raw fusidate sodium and its formulations using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, the assay method for the determination of fusidate sodium in commercial tablets is titration which is less specific than HPLC. In this study, we present an alternative HPLC method for quantitation of fusidate sodium in tablets. Method validation was performed to determine linearity, precision, accuracy, system suitability, and robustness. The linearity of calibration curves in the desired concentration range was high ($r^2=0.9999$), while the RSDs for intra- and inter-day precision were 0.25-0.37 % and 0.11-0.60 %, respectively. Accuracies ranged from 99.46-100.85 %. Since the system suitability, intermediate-precision and robustness of the assay were satisfactory, this method will be a valuable addition to the Korean Pharmacopoeia (KP XI).