The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology (문화기술의 융합)

The International Promotion Agency of Culture Technology (국제문화기술진흥원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A comparison of working alliance, session evaluation and participants' experience of university student clients by counseling media -Comparison of face-to-face, phone, video, and video with digital mask counseling-

대학생 내담자를 대상으로 한 상담 작업동맹과 회기 평가 및 내담자 경험 비교 연구 - 전화, 화상 및 디지털가면 화상상담과 대면상담 비교 -

  • 조은숙 (상명대학교 가족복지학과) ;
  • 오윤석 (상명대학교 가족복지학과) ;
  • 장은희 (상명대학교 가족복지학과)
  • Received : 2022.09.02
  • Accepted : 2022.10.15
  • Published : 2022.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out how on-line counseling modalities (phone, video, and video counseling using digital mask) differ from face-to-face counseling in terms of clients' perception of working alliance, depth and smoothness of each session, satisfaction, and their qualitative counseling experience. 40 university students participated in the experiment, divided into 4 groups, received 3 personal counseling sessions per person. The quantitative data revealed no significant difference among the four counseling groups in working alliance. Also, the "depth" of the session was similar in the four groups, but phone and video with mask counseling group who did not expose their faces showed higher "smoothness" in the first and second sessions than face-to-face counseling group, indicating that anonymity was helping the clients' inhibition overcome. Through the post-interview data, subtle differences in experience of each counseling method were identified by the participants. The results are expected to provide primary information for developing and implementing various online counseling modalities in the future.

본 연구에서는 전화, 화상, 디지털가면을 활용한 화상상담 등 3가지 온라인상담 방식과 대면상담이 회기별 깊이 및 순조로움, 작업동맹, 그리고 사후만족도에서 어떤 차이가 있는지를 비교하였고 사후 면접을 통해 내담 경험에 대한 질적 자료를 수집하여 비교 분석하였다. 실험에 참여한 40명의 대학생들은 4집단으로 나뉘어져 각 3회기씩의 상담을 받았고 매회기 직후, 혹은 상담 종료 후 설문 혹은 면접조사가 진행되었다. 분석 결과, 회기의 '깊이'에 대한 평가는 4집단에서 유사하게 나타났으나, 전화와 가면화상상담에서는 대면상담에 비해 1, 2회기에 '순조로움'을 더 높게 평가하는 것으로 나타나, 온라인상담에서 익명성이 보장될 때 내담자의 사회적 불안을 감소시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 매회기 작업동맹 수준과 상담만족도는 4가지 상담방식 간에 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 사후면접자료를 통해 각 집단 참여자들의 미묘한 경험 차이들이 파악되었다. 본 연구는 향후 다양한 온라인상담 방식을 개발하고 실행해 나가는데 기본 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2022학년도 상명대학교 교내연구비의 지원을 받아 진행되었음.

References

  1. J.Y. Kim, and Y.H. Lee, "The Trend and Issues on Untact Counseling and Psychotherapy: Focusing on Journal Papers", Journal of Learner -Centered Curriculum and Instruction, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 775-805, 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2021.21.1.775
  2. J.S. Hong, J.S. Choi and H.K. Kim, "Post-Covid 19, A Study on the Clients' Experience of Nonface-to-face Counseling", Counseling Psychology Education Welfare, Vol.8, No.4, pp. 261-290, 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20496/cpew.2021.8.4.261
  3. J.H. Go, "CounselAR : Research on Psychological Counseling Service Using AR Mask", Unpublished master's thesis, Communication & Arts Yonsei University, Seoul, 2021.
  4. E.S. Cho, Y.S. Oh, and E.H. Jang, "A Study on the Effectiveness of Counseling Using Digital Mask", Unpublished research report funded by C-Lab of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, 2021.
  5. A. Barak, L. Hen, M. Boniel-Nissim and N. Shapira, "A Comprehensive Review and a MetaAnalysis of the Effectiveness of Internet-Based Psychotherapeutic Interventions", Journal of Technology in Human Services, Vol. 26, pp. 109-160, 2008. DOI: 10.1080/15228830802094429
  6. E. Fernandez, Y. Woldgabreal, A. Day, T. Pham, B. Gleich and E. Aboujaoude, "Live Psychotherapy by Video versus In-person: A Meta-analysis of Efficacy and Its Relationship to Types and Targets of Treatment", Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 1535-1549, 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2594
  7. Y.S. Oh and E.S. Cho, "Effects and Traits of Online Narrative Group Counseling Using Videoconferencing Modality: Comparing with Face-to-face Group Counseling", The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 401-409, 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17703/JCCT.2020.6.4.401
  8. A.R. Chung, "A Phenomenological Study on the Experience of Non-face-to-face Videoconferencing Counseling of College Students", Journal of Educational Innovation Research, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 331-355, 2022. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.32.1.202203.331
  9. W.B. Choi, "A Qualitative Study of the Working Alliance Experienced by Counselors in Videoconferencing Psychotherapy", Unpublished master's thesis, Konkuk University, Seoul, 2021.
  10. T. Lin, S.J. Stone, T.G. Heckman, and T. Anderson, "Zoom-in to Zone-out: Therapists Report Less Therapeutic Skill in Telepsychology versus Face-to-face Therapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic Psychotherapy", Psychotherapy Theory Research Practice Training, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 449-459, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000398.
  11. S.G. Simpson, and C.L. Reid, "Therapeutic Alliance in Videoconferencing Psychotherapy: A Review", Australian Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 280-299, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12149
  12. S.K. Yoo, E.Y. Son, H.E. Sung, and M.J. Kim, "A Meta Analytic Review on the Relationship between Working Alliance and Counseling Outcome (1993-2016)", The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 527-552, 2017. https://doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2017.08.29.3.527
  13. E.J. Lee, and H.N. Choi, "Longitudinal Change Patterns of Working Alliance and Counseling Outcome", Korean Journal of Counseling, Vol. 19, No. 2, 365-385, 2018. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.19.2.201804.365
  14. W.B. Stiles, S. Reynolds, G.E. Hardy, A. Rees, M. Barkham, and D.A. Shapiro, "Evaluation and Description of Psychotherapy Sessions by Clients using the Session Evaluation Questionnaire and the Session Impacts Scale", Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 175-185, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.2.175
  15. S.H. Lee, and K.H. Kim, "A Validation Study of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ)", Korean Journal Of Counseling And Psychotherapy, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 30-47, 1993.
  16. A.O. Horvath, and L.S. Greenberg, "Development and Validation of the Working Alliance Inventory", Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 223, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
  17. H.Y. Kang, "An Analysis of Differences in Working Alliance by Counselor Experience Level", Unpublished master's thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, 1995.
  18. E.S. Bordin, "The Generalizability of the Psychoanalytic Concept of the Working Alliance", Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 252-260, 1979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085885
  19. S.W. Ko, and K.I. Kwon, "A Qualitative Study on Counselor's Experience in Non-face-to-face (Video) Counseling due to COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis", Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculumand Instruction, Vol. 21, No.24, pp. 255-273, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2021.21.24.255
  20. M.A. Seo, and J.S. Kim, "A Study on the Experience of Non-face-to-face Video Counseling by Family Therapists: Using Focus Group Interviews", Family and Family Therapy, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 451-470, 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21479/kaft.2020.28.4.451