Journal of the Korea Convergence Society (한국융합학회논문지)

Korea Convergence Society (한국융합학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Does sports intelligence, the ability to read the game, exist? A systematic review of the relationship between sports performance and cognitive functions

게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠 지능이 존재하는가? 스포츠 수행과 관련된 인지기능에 관한 문헌고찰

  • Yongtawee, Atcharat (Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Tourism and Sports, Thailand) ;
  • Park, Jin-Han (School of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Ulsan) ;
  • Woo, Min-Jung (School of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Ulsan)
  • Received : 2021.01.07
  • Accepted : 2021.03.20
  • Published : 2021.03.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to examine sports-related cognitive functions through a systematic review and to suggest effective instruments to measure the cognitive functions. The present study was conducted based on the systematic review and meta-analysis protocol-the PRISMA. Of 429 articles searched through keywords from 2008 to 2020, 45 articles that met the selection criteria were analyzed. It was revealed that athletes had better cognitive functions than non-athletes, that the higher the sports expertise was, the higher the cognitive functions, and that there were differences in cognitive functions according to the sport types. The primary cognitive functions related to sports performance summarized as executive functions (inhibition ability, cognitive flexibility), information processing speed, spatial ability, and attention. As tasks for measuring each cognitive function, a stop signal task for inhibition ability, a design flexibility task for cognitive flexibility, a simple and choice reaction time test for information processing, a mental rotation task for spatial ability, and an attention network test for attention are appropriate.

연구의 목적은 문헌고찰을 통해 스포츠 관련 인지기능과 이를 효과적으로 측정할 수 있는 검사도구를 제안하고, 스포츠 지능 연구의 기초를 마련하는 것이다. 문헌고찰은 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석 지침인 PRISMA 연구법에 근거하여 수행되었다. 게재년도 2008-2020년으로 검색기준 설정 후, 키워드를 통해 검색된 총 429편 중 본 연구의 문헌선택 기준을 충족한 45편이 최종 분석되었다. 고찰된 논문 결과를 요약하면, 선수들은 비선수보다 특정 인지기능이 우수하고, 스포츠 전문성이 높을수록 해당 인지기능이 더 높았으며, 종목에 따라 인지기능에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 45편에 대한 종합적 분석결과, 스포츠 수행과 관련된 주요 인지기능은 실행기능(억제능력, 인지유연성), 정보처리속도, 공간능력, 주의력으로 요약된다. 각 인지기능 측정을 위한 검사도구로 억제능력은 정지신호과제, 인지유연성은 설계유연성검사, 정보처리는 단순반응검사와 선택반응검사, 공간능력은 심적회전검사, 주의력은 주의연합검사가 적절하다.

Keywords

References

  1. T. Vestberg, R. Gustafson, L. Maurex, M. Ingvar & P. Petrovic. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PLoS One, 7(4), e34731. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0034731
  2. Nippon Hoso Kyokai[NHK]. (2014). Miracle body[Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.nhk.or.jp/special/miraclebody/about/index.html
  3. B. C. Huijgen et al. (2015). Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144580. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144580
  4. L. Verburgh, E. J. Scherder, P. A. van Lange & J. Oosterlaan. (2014). Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players. PLoS One, 9(3), e91254. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0091254
  5. L. Verburgh, E. J. Scherder, P. A. Van Lange & J. Oosterlaan. (2016). Do Elite and Amateur Soccer Players Outperform Non-Athletes on Neurocognitive Functioning? A Study Among 8-12 Year Old Children. PLoS One, 11(12), e0165741. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0165741
  6. C. H. Wang et al. (2013). Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PLoS One, 8(2), e55773. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0055773
  7. H. Alves et al. (2013). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 36. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00036
  8. G. Cona, A. Cavazzana, A. Paoli, G. Marcolin, A. Grainer, & P. S. Bisiacchi. (2015). It's a Matter of Mind! Cognitive Functioning Predicts the Athletic Performance in Ultra-Marathon Runners. PLoS One, 10(7), e0132943. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0132943
  9. V. Bianco, F. Di Russo, R. L. Perri & M. Berchicci. (2017). Different proactive and reactive action control in fencers' and boxers' brain. Neuroscience, 343, 260-268. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.006
  10. T. Lundgren, L. Hogman, M. Naslund, & T. Parling. (2016). Preliminary Investigation of Executive Functions in Elite Ice Hockey Players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(4), 324-335. DOI : 10.1123/jcsp.2015-0030
  11. M. Schmidt, F. Egger, M. Kieliger, B. Rubeli & J. Schuler. (2016). Gymnasts and Orienteers Display Better Mental Rotation Performance Than Nonathletes. Journal of Individual Differences, 37(1), 1-7. DOI : 10.1027/1614-0001/a000180
  12. B. Wang, W. Guo & C. Zhou. (2016). Selective enhancement of attentional networks in college table tennis athletes: a preliminary investigation. Peerj, 4, e2762. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.2762
  13. D. T. Y. Mann, A. M. Williams, P. Ward & C. M. Janelle. (2007). Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(4), 457-478. DOI : 10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
  14. H. E. Scharfen & D. Memmert. (2019). Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta‐analytic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 843-860. DOI : 10.1002/acp.3526
  15. M. W. Voss, A. F. Kramer, C. Basak, R. S. Prakash, & B. Roberts. (2010). Are expert athletes 'expert' in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 812-826. DOI : 10.1002/acp.1588
  16. A. Yongtawee, & M. J. Woo (2017). The influence of gender, sports type and training experience on cognitive functions in adolescent athletes. Exercise Science, 26(2), 159-167. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A103227324 https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2017.26.2.159
  17. D. Moher et al. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1. DOI : 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
  18. R. M. Braga & R. Leech. (2015). Echoes of the Brain. The Neuroscientist, 21(5), 540-551. DOI : 10.1177/1073858415585730
  19. G. Douaud et al. (2014). A common brain network links development, aging, and vulnerability to disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(49), 17648-17653. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1410378111
  20. H. Nakamoto & S. Mori (2008). Sport-specific decision-making in a Go/NoGo reaction task: difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and motor skills, 106(1), 163-170. DOI : 10.2466/pms.106.1.163-170
  21. D. Memmert, D. J. Simons & T. Grimme. (2009). The relationship between visual attention and expertise in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 146-151. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.002
  22. P. Furley & D. Memmert. (2010). Differences in spatial working memory as a function of team sports expertise: the Corsi Block-tapping task in sport psychological assessment. Perceptual and motor skills, 110(3), 801-808. DOI : 10.2466/pms.110.3.801-808
  23. L. Chaddock, M. B. Neider, M. W. Voss, J. G. Gaspar & A. F. Kramer. (2011). Do athletes excel at everyday tasks? Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(10), 1920-1926. DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318218ca74
  24. J. S. Y. Chan, A. C. N. Wong, Y. Liu, J. Yu & J. H. Yan. (2011). Fencing expertise and physical fitness enhance action inhibition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 509-514. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.04.006
  25. A. Cojocariu. (2011). Measurement of Reaction Time in Qwan Ki Do. Biology of Sport, 28(2), 139-143. DOI : 10.5604/947454
  26. P. Jansen, J. Lehmann & J. Van Doren (2012). Mental rotation performance in male soccer players. PLoS One, 7(10), e48620. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048620
  27. D. Moreau, J. Clerc, A. Mansy-Dannay & A. Guerrien. (2012). Enhancing Spatial Ability Through Sport Practice. Journal of Individual Differences, 33(2), 83-88. DOI : 10.1027/1614-0001/a000075
  28. P. Jansen & J. Lehmann (2013). Mental rotation performance in soccer players and gymnasts in an object-based mental rotation task. Advances in cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 92-98. DOI : 10.2478/v10053-008-0135-8
  29. P. Lesiakowski, T. Zwierko, & J. Krzepota. (2013). Visuospatial attentional functioning in amateur boxers. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts, 4(2), 141-144. DOI : 10.5604/20815735.1090659
  30. L. Nuri, A. Shadmehr, N. Ghotbi & B. Attarbashi Moghadam (2013). Reaction time and anticipatory skill of athletes in open and closed skill-dominated sport. European journal of sport science, 13(5), 431-436. DOI : 10.1080/17461391.2012.738712
  31. A. Cojocariu, & B. Abalasel. (2014). Does the reaction time to visual stimuli contribute to performance in judo. Archives of Budo, 10(1), 73-78.
  32. J. Jacobson & L. Matthaeus. (2014). Athletics and executive functioning: How athletic participation and sport type correlate with cognitive performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 521-527. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.005
  33. C. H. Wang, C. L. Tsai, K. C. Tu, N. G. Muggleton, C. H. Juan & W. K. Liang. (2015). Modulation of brain oscillations during fundamental visuo-spatial processing: A comparison between female collegiate badminton players and sedentary controls. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 121-129. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.003
  34. M. Alesi, A. Bianco, G. Luppina, A. Palma & A. Pepi (2016). Improving Children's Coordinative Skills and Executive Functions: The Effects of a Football Exercise Program. Perceptual and motor skills, 122(1), 27-46. DOI : 10.1177/0031512515627527
  35. H. Heppe, A. Kohler, M. T. Fleddermann & K. Zentgraf. (2016). The Relationship between Expertise in Sports, Visuospatial, and Basic Cognitive Skills. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 904. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00904
  36. K. Martin et al. (2016). Superior Inhibitory Control and Resistance to Mental Fatigue in Professional Road Cyclists. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159907. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
  37. Z. F. Yao. (2016). Diversity and Commonality of Cognitive Profile among Static, Strategic and Interceptive Sports-Expertise. Doctoral dissertation. National Central University, Taoyuan.
  38. E. C. Chang et al. (2017). Relationship between mode of sport training and general cognitive performance. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(1), 89-95. DOI : 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.07.007
  39. C. N. Chiu, C. Y. Chen & N. G. Muggleton. (2017). Sport, time pressure, and cognitive performance. Progress in Brain Research, 234, 85-99. DOI : 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.007
  40. T. Feng, Z. Zhang, Z. Ji, B. Jia & Y. Li. (2017). Selective Effects of Sport Expertise on the Stages of Mental Rotation Tasks With Object-Based and Egocentric Transformations. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 13(3), 248-256. DOI : 10.5709/acp-0225-x
  41. K. F. Liao, F. W. Meng & Y. L. Chen. (2017). The relationship between action inhibition and athletic performance in elite badminton players and non-athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 574-581. DOI : 10.14198/jhse.2017.123.02
  42. P. Lesiakowski, J. Krzepota & T. Zwierko. (2017). The Differentiation of Visual Sensorimotor Processes in the Representatives of Various Sport Disciplines. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 19, 43-53. DOI : 10.18276/cej.2017.3-04
  43. T. Vestberg, G. Reinebo, L. Maurex, M. Ingvar & P. Petrovic. (2017). Core executive functions are associated with success in young elite soccer players. PLoS One, 12(2), e0170845. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0170845
  44. C. H. Wang, C. T. Yang, D. Moreau & N. G. Muggleton (2017). Motor expertise modulates neural oscillations and temporal dynamics of cognitive control. Neuroimage, 158, 260-270. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.009
  45. Q. Yu, C. C. H. Chan, B. Chau & A. S. N. Fu. (2017). Motor skill experience modulates executive control for task switching. Acta psychologica, 180, 88-97. DOI : 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.013
  46. D. Brevers et al. (2018). Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 125(2), 289-312. DOI : 10.1177/0031512517751751
  47. B. Krenn, T. Finkenzeller, S. Wurth & G. Amesberger (2018). Sport type determines differences in executive functions in elite athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 72-79. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.002
  48. F. Qiu, Y. Pi, K. Liu, X. Li, J. Zhang & Y. Wu. (2018). Influence of sports expertise level on attention in multiple object tracking. Peerj, 6, e5732. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.5732
  49. F. W. Meng, Z. F. Yao, E. C. Chang & Y. L. Chen. (2019). Team sport expertise shows superior stimulus-driven visual attention and motor inhibition. PLoS One, 14(5), e0217056. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0217056
  50. S. Pietsch, P. Jansen & J. Lehmann. (2019). The Choice of Sports Affects Mental Rotation Performance in Adolescents. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 224. DOI : 10.3389/fnins.2019.00224
  51. B. Holfelder, T. J. Klotzbier, M. Eisele & N. Schott. (2020). Hot and Cool executive function in elite-and amateur-adolescent athletes from open and closed skills sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 694. DOI : 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00694
  52. M. M. Shao, Y. H. Lai, A. M. Gong, Y. Yang, T. T. Chen & C. H. Jiang. (2020). Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. Peerj, 8, e9802. DOI : 10.7717/peerj.9802
  53. M. Weigelt & D. Memmert (2020). The Mental Rotation Ability of Expert Basketball Players: Identifying On-Court Plays. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1-9. DOI : 10.1080/02701367.2020.1713289
  54. M. Yu & Y. Liu. (2020). Differences in executive function of the attention network between athletes from interceptive and strategic sports. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1-12. DOI : 10.1080/00222895.2020.1790486
  55. A. R. Aron, T. W. Robbins & R. A. Poldrack (2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 170-177. DOI : 10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.010
  56. F. Verbruggen & G. D. Logan (2009). Models of response inhibition in the stop-signal and stop-change paradigms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(5), 647-661. DOI : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.014
  57. G. Stratton, T. Reilly, D. Richardson & A. M. Williams. (2004). Youth soccer: From science to performance. Psychology Press.
  58. S. Janssen (2015). The Determinants of Reaction Times: Influence of Stimulus Intensity. Master's thesis. University of Waterloo, Waterloo. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/10032
  59. D. F. Halpern. (2013). Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Psychology press.
  60. R. N. Shepard & J. Metzler (1971). Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects. Science, 171(3972), 701-703. DOI : 10.1126/science.171.3972.701
  61. D. Voyer & P. Jansen (2017). Motor expertise and performance in spatial tasks: A meta-analysis. Human Movement Science, 54, 110-124. DOI : 10.1016/j.humov.2017.04.004
  62. N. Hoyek, S. Champely, C. Collet, P. Fargier & A. Guillot. (2014). Is Mental Rotation Ability a Predictor of Success for Motor Performance? Journal of Cognition and Development, 15(3), 495-505. DOI : 10.1080/15248372.2012.760158
  63. A. M. Williams, K. Davids & J. G. P. Williams (1999). Visual perception and action in sport. Taylor & Francis.
  64. S. E. Petersen & M. I. Posner. (2012). The Attention System of the Human Brain: 20 Years After. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35(1), 73-89. DOI : 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525
  65. A. Raz & J. Buhle. (2006). Typologies of attentional networks. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(5), 367-379. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1903
  66. M. I. Posner & M. K. Rothbart. (2007). Research on Attention Networks as a Model for the Integration of Psychological Science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 1-23. DOI : 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516