Research in Plant Disease (식물병연구)

The Korean Society of Plant Pathology (한국식물병리학회)
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Recessive Resistance: Developing Targets for Genome Editing to Engineer Viral Disease Resistant Crops

바이러스 열성 저항성: 병저항성 작물 개발을 위한 유전자 교정 소재 발굴 연구의 동향

  • Han, Soo-Jung (Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Heo, Kyeong-Jae (Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Choi, Boram (Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University) ;
  • Seo, Jang-Kyun (Department of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University)
  • 한수정 (서울대학교 국제농업기술학과 및 그린바이오과학기술연구원) ;
  • 허경재 (서울대학교 국제농업기술학과 및 그린바이오과학기술연구원) ;
  • 최보람 (서울대학교 국제농업기술학과 및 그린바이오과학기술연구원) ;
  • 서장균 (서울대학교 국제농업기술학과 및 그린바이오과학기술연구원)
  • Received : 2019.03.07
  • Accepted : 2019.03.28
  • Published : 2019.06.30
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Abstract

Plant viruses are among the important pathogens that cause severe crop losses. The most efficient method to control viral diseases is currently to use virus resistant crops. In order to develop the virus resistant crops, a detailed understanding of the molecular interactions between viral and host proteins is necessary. Recessive resistance to a pathogen can be conferred when plant genes essential in the life cycle of a pathogens are deficient, while dominant resistance is mediated by host resistance (R) genes specifically interacting with effector proteins of pathogens. Thus, recessive resistance usually works more stably and broadly than dominant resistance. While most of the recessive resistance genes have so far been identified by forward genetic approaches, recent advances in genome editing technologies including CRISPR/Cas9 have increased interest in using these technologies as reverse genetic tools to engineer plant genes to confer recessive resistance. This review summarizes currently identified recessive resistance genes and introduces reverse genetic approaches to identify host interacting partner proteins of viral proteins and to evaluate the identified genes as genetic resources of recessive resistance. We further discuss recent advances in various precise genome editing technologies and how to apply these technologies to engineer plant immunity.

식물 바이러스는 작물 생산량 손실을 일으키는 주요 병원체 중 하나로, 돌연변이 발생이 빈번하고 치료 약제가 개발되어 있지 않아 방제가 매우 어렵다. 이러한 바이러스병을 방제하기 위한 가장 효과적인 방법은 저항성 품종을 재배하는 것이며, 바이러스 저항성 품종을 개발하기 위해서는 바이러스와 기주 식물 간의 다양한 유전자적 상호작용에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 열성 저항성은 병원체가 살아가는데 필요한 식물 유전자가 결핍되었을 때 획득되는데, 저항성 유전자(R gene)에 의해 유도되는 우성 저항성에 비해 넓은 범위의 저항성을 발현하고 돌연변이 출현에 쉽게 저항성이 깨지지 않는 특성을 보인다. 현재까지 알려진 바이러스병에 대한 열성 저항성 유전자는 대부분 순행유전학(forward genetics)를 통해 밝혀졌으나, 최근 CRISPR/Cas9 등을 이용한 유전자 교정 기술의 급속한 발전에 힘입어 역유전학(reverse genetics)을 통한 열성 저항성 작물개발의 가능성이 열리고 있다. 이러한 역유전학적 접근을 통한 열성 저항성 작물 개발은 먼저 바이러스 단백질과 상호작용하는 기주 인자를 밝히고 이들간의 상호작용을 억제하도록 하는 기주 인자에 대한 유전자 교정을 통해 이루어 질 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 열성 저항성에 대한 소개와 새로운 열성 저항성 후보 유전 소재 발굴을 위한 기주 인자 연구의 중요성 및 방법을 소개하고, 열성 저항성 작물 개발에 적용할 수 있는 유전자 교정기술의 최신 동향에 관해 정리하였다.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Schematic representation of dominant and recessive resistance in a plant-virus pathosystem. A virus-encoded protein can act as an avirulence factor that is recognized by a host-encoded resistance (R) protein. The interaction between a viral avirulence factor and a host R protein triggers down-stream defense responses, resulting in activation of dominant resistance. Plant viruses are obligate parasites and require various host-encoded proteins (host factors) to complete the steps of their life cycle. Therefore, the absence of appropriate host factors or inhibition of the interactions between viral proteins and corresponding host factors may confer recessive resistance.

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Fig. 2. Simplified overview for generation of transgene-free, genome-edited plants using CRISPR/Cas9. Arabidopsis plants can be transformed by Agrobacterium carrying a CRISPR/Cas9 construct. Targeted mutagenesis events can occur in transgenic T1 plants. In T2 plants, the T-DNA segregates in a Mendelian fashion for single-locus lines, and thereby transgene-free, homozygously mutated plants can occur in T2.

Table 1. Antiviral recessive resistance genes associated with translation initiation

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Table 2. The genetic resources for recessive resistance found in loss-of-susceptibility mutants and naturally occurring resistant cultivars

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Table 2. Continued

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