Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture (한국조경학회지)

The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture (한국조경학회)
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Change in Concepts and Status of Park and Green Space in Urban Planning Documents of Gyeongseong

경성부 도시계획서 상의 공원녹지 개념과 현황의 변화 양상

  • Cho, Seho (Siteplanning Architects Co., Ltd.) ;
  • Kim, Youngmin (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, University of Seoul)
  • 조세호 ((주)싸이트플래닝건축사사무소) ;
  • 김영민 (서울시립대학교 조경학과)
  • Received : 2019.03.07
  • Accepted : 2019.03.31
  • Published : 2019.04.30
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Abstract

The study examines the significance and limits of modern park planning by analyzing major planning documents of Gyeongseong in the Japanese colonial era. Among seven selected documents from 1925 to 1940, which show the contents related with park planning, documents of 1930 and 1940 presented the official park plan of Gyeongseong. By the 1920s, the park plan was not a major concern in urban planning of Gyeongseong; however, as the planning law as enacted in 1934, the park plan legally became a part of the official master planning process in the 1930s. In 1940, the most comprehensive park plan for Gyeongseong was published. In the beginning of modern urban planning, a park was mainly perceived as a sanitation utility. From the 1920s to the 1930s, the park planning system was significantly improved including systemic classification of parks, guideline development considering spatial planning, and introduction of a concept of infra-structural green space. Despite of the improvement in the park planning, the actual quantity of the overall green spaces barely changed and there was a huge discrepancy between the planning ideal and the reality. The Gyeongseong stadium was the only facility newly built in the 1920s, and only two parks were constructed in the 1930s. The plan to build 38 new parks in the 1930, and 140 in the 1940 was barely realized. However, there were efforts to improve parks and green spaces of Gyeongseong: Such as appropriating natural forest as parks, designating royal palaces as parks, and focusing on constructing smaller scale children's parks. Even though the ideal plan could not be fully implemented due to the war time situation and tight budget, the park system of Gyeongseong provided the framework of park planning of Seoul after the independence.

본 연구는 일제강점기 경성도시계획 문헌에 기록된 공원녹지 현황표를 분석하여 근대 공원녹지계획의 의의와 한계를 파악하였다. 1925년부터 1940년의 문서 7개를 중심으로 분석하였으며, 1930년과 1940년의 문헌은 공식적인 경성 공원녹지 계획안을 담고 있다. 경성의 근대 도시계획 흐름에서 공원녹지는 1920년대까지는 중요한 계획의 고려 대상이 아니었다. 1934년 조선시가지계획령의 제정을 계기로 1930년대부터 공원계획은 법정 시가지계획의 일부가 되었고, 1940년에 경성시가지계획공원안을 통해 경성의 종합적인 공원녹지계획이 완성된다. 도시계획 초기에 공원은 위생시설로 인식되다가 이후 방공, 여가, 문화적 기능을 하는 공간으로 계획된다. 주요 문헌의 계획 내용을 비교하면 규모와 기능에 따른 공원의 유형 구분, 공간적 배치를 고려한 계획 기준, 시설녹지를 통한 녹지체계의 구상 등의 중요한 계획 내용의 발전이 있었다. 공원녹지계획의 발전에도 불구하고, 현실적인 제약으로 인해 공원녹지의 수나 면적의 실질적인 증가는 거의 없었으며, 계획안과 현황 사이에는 심각한 괴리가 나타난다. 1920년대에는 경성운동장이 유일하게 조성된 시설이었으며, 1930년대에도 삼청공원, 앵정공원 두 개소만 신설된다. 1930년의 계획에서 38개소가, 1940년에는 140개소의 계획 공원이 제안된 것과는 대조적이다. 하지만 산림의 공원화, 대한제국 황실 토지의 공원화, 공원 용도의 중복지정, 소규모 아동공원 중심의 실행 등 현실적 조건에서 공원녹지의 양과 질을 향상하려는 대안이 계속해서 탐색되었다. 부족한 예산과 전쟁 준비의 상황으로 인해 일제강점기의 공원녹지계획안은 상당 부분 실현되지 못했지만, 해방 이후 서울의 공원녹지체계를 만들어 나가는 중요한 틀로서 역할을 한다.

Keywords

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