Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of mengkuang pulp after biological pretreatment.
Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of mengkuang pulp after LHW pretreatment.
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of mengkuang pulp after biological–LHW pretreatment.
Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of mengkuang pulp after LHW–biological pretreatment.
Fig. 5. SEM images of mengkuang pulp after biological pretreatment. (a) Control, (b) biological pretreatment with 10% inoculum for 15 days, (c) biological pretreatment with 10% inoculum for 30 days, and (d) biological pretreatment with 10% inoculum for 45 days.
Fig. 6. SEM images of mengkuang pulp after LHW pretreatment. (a) Control, (b) 140°C for 30 min, (c) 160°C for 30 min, and (d) 180°C for 30 min.
Fig. 7. SEM images of mengkuang pulp after biological–LHW pretreatment. (a) Control, (b) biological pretreatment with 10% inoculum for 30 days and LHW at 180°C for 20 min, (c) biological pretreatment with 10% inoculum 30 days and LHW at 180°C for 30 min, and (d) biological pretreatment with 10% inoculum for 30 days and LHW at 180°C for 40 min.
Fig. 8. Reducing sugars resulting from SSF after biological–LHW pretreatment.
Fig. 9. Reducing sugars resulting from SSF after LHW–biological pretreatment.
Fig. 10. Ethanol content (EtOH (v/v)% × 10 × 0.789) from SSF after (a) biological–LHW and (b) LHW–biological pretreatments.
Table 1. chemical components of mengkuang pulp after biological pretreatment.
Table 2. Chemical components of mengkuang pulp after LHW pretreatment.
Table 3. Chemical components of mengkuang pulp after biological-LHW pretreatment.
Table 4. Chemical components of mengkuang pulp after LHW- biological pretreatment.
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