Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society (한국자기공명학회논문지)

Korean Magnetic Resonance Society (한국자기공명학회)
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Measuring T1 contrast in ex-vivo prostate tissue at the Earth's magnetic field

  • Oh, Sangwon (Ultra-low Magnetic Field Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) ;
  • Han, Jae Ho (Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kwon, Ji Eun (Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine) ;
  • Shim, Jeong Hyun (Ultra-low Magnetic Field Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) ;
  • Lee, Seong-Joo (Ultra-low Magnetic Field Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) ;
  • Hwang, Seong-Min (Ultra-low Magnetic Field Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) ;
  • Hilschenz, Ingo (Ultra-low Magnetic Field Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) ;
  • Kim, Kiwoong (Ultra-low Magnetic Field Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science)
  • Received : 2019.03.08
  • Accepted : 2019.03.17
  • Published : 2019.03.20
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Abstract

A former study has shown that the spin-lattice relaxation time ($T_1$) in cancerous prostate tissue had enhanced contrast at an ultra-low magnetic field, $132{\mu}T$. To study the field dependence and the origin of the contrast we measured $T_1$ in pairs of ex-vivo prostate tissues at the Earth's magnetic field. A portable and coil-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system was adopted for $T_1$ measurements at $40{\mu}T$. The $T_1$ contrast, ${\delta}=1-T_1$ (more cancer)/$T_1$(less cancer), was calculated from each pair. Additionally, we performed pathological examinations such as Gleason's score, cell proliferation index, and micro-vessel density (MVD), to quantify correlations between the pathological parameters and $T_1$ of the cancerous prostate tissues.

Keywords

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Figure 1. An NMR pulse sequence for T1 measurements. A pre-polarizing magnetic field (Bp = 50 mT) was applied for 2 s to enhance the magnetization and then ramped down adiabatically, aligning the magnetization along the Earth’s magnetic field (x-axis). A representative sample in a vial is shown in the inset.

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Figure 2. Exemplary fast Laplace inversion and double Gaussian fits. T1 distributions from FLI (red solid line) in cases of 47% (a) and 24% (b) prostate cancer are shown. The Gaussian function (G1, dashed green line) with a smaller peak was chosen for T1 distribution of cancerous prostate tissue and the other Gaussian function (G2, dash-dot golden line) represented benign prostate tissue. Their sum (G Fit, blue dotted line) was compared to the T1 distribution from FLI. Fitting curves from FLI are compared to the experimental data in (c) and (d) where the percentages of prostate cancerous tissue are 47 and 24%, respectively. For histologic examination, the prostate tissue that underwent an NMR measurement was sectioned at every 2 mm of 4 μm thickness; and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. Percentage of cancerous parts (marked as 'X' in insets of (c) and (d)) in the whole tissue in each slice was used to calculate the average cancer percentage.

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Figure 3. T1 vs. percentage of cancerous part (PCA,B) in tissues and T1 contrast ( δ = 1- T1B/T1A)

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Figure 4. Comparisons between T1 and results from the pathological examinations. Pathological examinations such as Gleason's score (a), cell proliferation marker level (MIB- 1, (b)), and micro-vessel density (MVD, (c)), were compared to T1 and shown in Fig. 4. Representative image (d) of immunohistochemical staining with CD34 antibody; brown colored areas (green arrow, one such area) indicate locations of the micro-vessels. Gleason's score was not correlated with T1, but MVD was weakly correlated with T1.

Table 1. Prostate specimens and measured results.

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