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Manufacturing Characteristics of Black Burnished Pottery from Pungnaptoseong, Beakje

백제 풍납토성 출토 흑색마연토기의 제작 특성

  • Kim, Su Kyoung (Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Han, Min Su (Department of Heritage Conservation and Restoration, Graduate School of Cultural Heritage, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Nam, Sang Won (Division of Archaeology, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Jang, Sungyoon (Conservation Science Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage)
  • 김수경 (국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실) ;
  • 한민수 (한국전통문화대학교 문화유산전문대학원 문화재수리기술학과) ;
  • 남상원 (국립문화재연구소 고고연구실) ;
  • 장성윤 (국립문화재연구소 보존과학연구실)
  • Received : 2017.09.19
  • Accepted : 2017.11.20
  • Published : 2017.12.20

Abstract

This study aimed at the identification of the black coating materials on the pottery surface and manufacturing technique of black burnished pottery excavated from the Pungnaptoseong, Seoul, which is estimated to be royal fortress of Beakje. According to observation of black coated surface and raw materials, potteries can be divided into two groups. The first group potteries have black inner and black surface with well-selected particles. Second group potteries are black in surface only with unevenly selected particles. Each group seems to represent different manufacturing technique in clay selection, color development timing and method. The black burnished pottery contains high values of CaO, $P_2O_5$, L.O.I. and lower content of $Fe_2O_3$ compared with gray pottery excavated from the same site, which indicates plant ashes were used for coloring the surface of pottery in black. According to the result of SEM-EDS mapping of black burnished pottery, carbon was concentrated on pottery surface, while iron was concentrated on the surface of the gray pottery. Based on XRD analysis, firing temperature of the black burnished potteries were fired low temperature range at 700 to $900^{\circ}C$, and that of the gray potteries ranged from $900^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$.

연구는 풍납토성에서 출토된 백제시대 흑색마연토기의 태토를 분석하여 원료물질의 특성을 확인하고, 제작기법을 검토하였다. 분석된 흑색마연토기들은 표면부과 속심의 흑색 발현이 우수하고 입자의 정선도가 높은 그룹과 표면부만 흑색을 띠며, 정선도가 낮은 그룹으로 나누어진다. 두 그룹간 태토 정선과정, 발색시간, 발색 방법 등의 제작기법에 차이가 있었다. 또한 CaO, $P_2O_5$, L.O.I. 함량이 높게 검출되어 식물 재 성분을 표면에 침착시키는 방법이 사용되었을 것으로 판단된다. 표면부의 SEM-EDS mapping 결과, 흑색마연토기의 표면부에서 탄소의 농집 현상이 나타나 탄소의 영향을 받았을 것으로 추정된다. 반면 함께 출토된 회색토기의 표면부에서는 철의 농집 현상이 두드러지는데 고온소성 과정에서 표면부로 철의 이동이 있었을 것으로 추정된다. XRD 분석 결과를 통해 흑색마연토기는 $700{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ 이하에서, 회색토기는 $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ 에서 소성되었을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

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