References
- Arcondeguy, T., R. Jack, and M. Merrick. 2001. PII signal transduction proteins, pivotal players in microbial nitrogen control. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 80-105 https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.65.1.80-105.2001
- Beckers, G., L. Nolden, and A. Burkovski. 2001. Glutamate synthase of Corynebacterium glutamicum is not essential for glutamate synthesis and is regulated by the nitrogen status. Microbiology 147: 2961-2970 https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-11-2961
- Beckers, G., A. K. Bendt, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2004. Molecular identification of the urea uptake system and transcriptional analysis of urea transporter- and ureaseencoding genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Bacteriol. 186: 7645-7652 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.22.7645-7652.2004
- Beckers, G., J. Strosser, U. Hildebrandt, J. Kalinowski, M. Farwick, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2005. Regulation of AmtR-controlled gene expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Mechanism and characterization of the AmtR regulon. Mol. Microbiol. 58: 580-595 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04855.x
- Bendt, A. K., G. Beckers, M. Silberbach, A. Wittmann, and A. Burkovski. 2004. Utilization of creatinine as an alternative nitrogen source in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Arch. Microbiol. 181: 443-450 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-004-0679-z
- Blauwkamp, T. A. and A. J. Ninfa. 2003. Antagonism of PII signalling by the AmtB protein of Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 48: 1017-1028
- Bormann, E. R., B. J. Eikmanns, and H. Sahm. 1992. Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum gdh gene encoding glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol. Microbiol. 6: 317-326 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01474.x
- Bott, M. and L. Eggeling (eds.) Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL
- Brune, I., K. Brinkrolf, J. Kalinowski, A. Puhler, and A. Tauch. 2005. The individual and common repertoire of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium efficiens, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium jeikeium deduced from the complete genome sequences. BMC Genomics 6: 86
- Burkovski, A. 2003. Ammonium assimilation and nitrogen control in Corynebacterium glutamicum and its relatives: An example for new regulatory mechanisms in actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27: 617-628 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00067-6
- Burkovski, A. 2003. I do it my way: Regulation of ammonium uptake and ammonium assimilation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Arch. Microbiol. 179: 83-88 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-002-0505-4
- Burkovski, A. 2005. Nitrogen metabolism and its regulation, pp. 333-349. In Bott, M. and L. Eggeling (eds.), Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL
- Cerdeno-Tarraga, A. M., A. Efstratiou, L. G. Dover, M. T. G. Holden, M. Pallen, S. D. Bentley, G. S. Besra, C. Churcher, K. D. James, A. De Zoysa, T. Chillingworth, A. Cronin, L. Dowd, T. Feltwell, N. Hamlin, S. Holroyd, K. Jagels, S. Moule, M. A. Quail, E. Rabbinowitch, K. M. Rutherford, N. R. Thomson, L. Unwin, S. Whitehead, B. G. Barrell, and J. Parkhill. 2003. The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC13129. Nucleic Acids Res. 31: 6516-6523
- Coutts, G., G. Thomas, D. Blakey, and M. Merrick. 2002 Membrane sequestration of the signal transduction protein GlnK by the ammonium transporter AmtB. EMBO J. 21: 536-545 https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/21.4.536
- Dandekar, T., B. Snel, M. Huynen, and P. Bork. 1998. Conservation of gene order: A fingerprint of proteins that physically interact. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23: 324-328 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01274-2
- Detsch, C. and J. Stülke. 2003. Ammonium utilization in Bacillus subtilis: Transport and regulatory functions of NrgA and NrgB. Microbiology 149: 3289-3297 https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26512-0
- Fisher, S. H. 1999. Regulation of nitrogen metabolism in Bacillus subtilis: Vive la difference! Mol. Microbiol. 32: 223-232
- Fisher, S. H. and M. Débarbouille. 2002. Nitrogen source utilization and its regulation, pp. 181-191. In Sonenshein, A. C., J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (eds.), Bacillus subtilis and its Closest Relatives: From Genes to Cells. ASM, Washington DC
- Fudou, R., Y. Jojima, A. Seto, K. Yamada, E. Rimura, T. Nakamatsu, A. Hirashi, and S. Yamanaka. 2002. Corynebacterium efficiens sp. Nov., a glutamic-acidproducing species from soil and plant material. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52: 1127-1131
- He, L., E. Soupene, and S. Kustu. 1997. NtrC is required for control of Klebsiella pneumoniae NifL activity. J. Bacteriol. 179: 7446-7455 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.23.7446-7455.1997
- Hermann, T. 2003. Industrial production of amino acids by coryneform bacteria. J. Biotechnol. 104: 155-172 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(03)00149-4
- Hesketh, A., D. Fink, B. Gust, H.-U. Rexer, B. Scheel, K. Chater, W. Wohlleben, and A. Engels. 2002. The GlnD and GlnK homologues of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) are functionally dissimilar to their nitrogen regulatory system counterparts from enteric bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 46: 319- 330 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03149.x
- Hu, P., T. Leighton, G. Ishkhanova, and S. Kustu. 1999. Sensing of nitrogen limitation by Bacillus subtilis: Comparison to enteric bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 181: 5042-5050
- Ikeda, M. and S. Nakagawa. 2003. The Corynebacterium glutamicum genome: Features and impacts on biotechnological processes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 62: 99-109 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1328-1
- Ikeda, T. P., A. E. Shauger, and S. Kustu. 1996. Salmonella typhimurium apparently perceives external nitrogen limitation as internal glutamine limitation. J. Mol. Biol. 259: 589- 607 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1996.0342
- Jakoby, M., M. Tesch, H. Sahm, R. Krämer, and A. Burkovski. 1997. Isolation of the Corynebacterium glutamicum glnA gene encoding glutamine synthetase I. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154: 81-88 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12627.x
- Jakoby, M., R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 1999. Nitrogen regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Isolation of genes involved and biochemical characterization of corresponding proteins. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 173: 303-310 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13518.x
- Jakoby, M., L. Nolden, J. Meier-Wagner, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2000. AmtR, a global repressor in the nitrogen regulation system of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Mol. Microbiol. 37: 964-977 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02073.x
- Javelle, A., E. Severi, J. Thornton, and M. Merrick. 2004. Ammonium sensing in Escherichia coli. Role of the ammonium transporter AmtB and AmtB-GlnK complex formation. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 8530-8538 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M312399200
- Javelle, A. and M. Merrick. 2005. Complex formation between AmtB and GlnK: An ancestral role in prokaryotic nitrogen control. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 170-172 https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0330170
- Kalinowski, J. 2005. The genomes of amino acid-producing corynebacteria, pp. 37-56. In Bott, M. and L. Eggeling (eds.), Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL
- Kalinowski, J., B. Bathe, N. Bischoff, M. Bott, A. Burkovski, N. Dusch, L. Eggeling, B. J. Eikmanns, L. Gaigalat, A. Goesmann, M. Hartmann, K. Huthmacher, R. Kramer, B. Linke, A. C. McHardy, F. Meyer, B. Mockel, W. Pfefferle, A. Puhler, D. Rey, C. Rückert, H. Sahm, V. F. Wendisch, I. Wiegräbe, and A. Tauch. 2003. The complete Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 genome sequence and its impact on the production of L-aspartate-derived amino acids and vitamins. J. Biotechnol. 104: 5-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(03)00154-8
- Kimura, K. 1962. The significance of glutamic dehydrogenase in glutamic acid fermentation. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 8: 253-260 https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.8.253
- Kinoshita, S., S. Udaka, and M. Shimono. 1957. Amino acid fermentation. I. Production of L-glutamic acid by various microorganisms. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 3: 193-205 https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.3.193
- Kronemeyer, W., N. Peekhaus, R. Kramer, L. Eggeling, and H. Sahm. 1995. Structure of the gluABCD cluster encoding the glutamate uptake system of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Bacteriol. 177: 1152-1158 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.5.1152-1158.1995
- Leuchtenberger, W. 1996. Amino acids - technical production and use, pp. 465-502. In Rehm, H. and G. Reed (eds.), Products of Primary Metabolism. Biotechnology, Volume 6. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH, Weinheim, Germany
- Leuchtenberger, W., K. Huthmacher, and K. Drauz. 2005. Biotechnological production of amino acids and derivatives: Current status and prospects. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 69: 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0155-y
- Meier-Wagner, J., L. Nolden, M. Jakoby, R. M. Siewe, R. Krämer, and A. Burkovski. 2001. Multiplicity of ammonium uptake systems in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Role of Amt and AmtB. Microbiology 147: 135-143 https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-1-135
- Merkens, H., G. Beckers, A. Wirtz, and A. Burkovski. 2005. Vanillate metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Curr. Microbiol. 51: 59-65 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-005-4531-8
- Muller, T., J. Strosser, S. Buchinger, L. Nolden, A. Wirtz, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2006. Mutation-induced metabolite pool alterations in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Towards the identification of nitrogen control signals. J. Biotechnol. (electronic publication ahead of print)
- Nolden, L., M. Farwick, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2001. Glutamine synthetases of Corynebacterium glutamicum: Transcriptional control and regulation of activity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 201: 91-98 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10738.x
- Nolden, L., C.-E. Ngouoto-Nkili, A. K. Bendt, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2001. Sensing nitrogen limitation in Corynebacterium glutamicum: The role of glnK and glnD. Mol. Microbiol. 42: 1281-1295 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02694.x
- Nolden, L., G. Beckers, and A. Burkovski. 2002. Nitrogen assimilation in Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Pathways and regulatory cascades. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 208: 287-293 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11096.x
- Oshima, K., K. Tanaka, and S. Kinoshita. 1964. Studies on glutamic acid fermentation. XI. Purification and properties of L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase from Micrococcus glutamicus. Agric. Biol. Chem. 28: 714-722 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.28.714
- Ramos, J. L., M. Martinez-Bueno, A. J. Molina-Henares, W. Teran, K. Watanabe, X. Zhang, M. T. Gallegos, R. Brennan, and R. Tobes. 2005. The TetR family of transcriptional repressors. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69: 326-356 https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.69.2.326-356.2005
- Reuter, J. and W. Wohlleben. 2006. Nitrogen metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (In press)
- Schmitz, R. A. 2000. Internal glutamine and glutamate pools in Klebsiella pneumoniae grown under different conditions of nitrogen availability. Curr. Microbiol. 41: 357-362 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002840010149
- Schulz, A. A., H. J. Collett, and S. J. Reid. 2001. Nitrogen and carbon regulation of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 205: 361-367 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10973.x
- Shiio, I. and H. Ozaki. 1970. Regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Brevibacterium flavum, a glutamate-producing bacterium. J. Biochem. 68: 633-647 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a129397
- Siewe, R. M., B. Weil, A. Burkovski, B. J. Eikmanns, M. Eikmanns, and R. Kramer. 1996. Functional and genetic characterization of the (methyl)ammonium uptake carrier of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 5398- 5403 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.10.5398
- Silberbach, M. and A. Burkovski. 2006. Application of global analysis techniques to Corynebacterium glutamicum: New insights into nitrogen regulation. J. Biotechnol. (electronic publication ahead of print)
- Silberbach, M., A. Huser, J. Kalinowski, A. Puhler, B. Walter, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2005. DNA microarray analysis of the nitrogen starvation response of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biotechnol.119: 357-367 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.04.007
- Silberbach, M., M. Schafer, A. Huser, J. Kalinowski, A. Puhler, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2005. Adaptation of Corynebacterium glutamicum to ammonium-limitation: A global analysis using transcriptome and proteome techniques. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 2391-2402 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2391-2402.2005
- Strosser, J., A. Ludke, S. Schaffer, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2004. Regulation of GlnK activity: Modification, membrane sequestration, and proteolysis as regulatory principles in the network of nitrogen control in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Mol. Microbiol. 54: 132-147 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04247.x
- Tauch, A., O. Kaiser, T. Hain, A. Goesmann, B. Weisshaar, A. Albersmeier, T. Bekel, N. Bischoff, I. Brune, T. Chakraborty, J. Kalinowski, F. Meyer, O. Rupp, S. Schneiker, P. Viehoever, and A. Pühler. 2005. Complete genome sequence and analysis of the multiresistant nosocomial pathogen Corynebacterium jeikeium K411, a lipid-requiring bacterium of the human skin flora. J. Bacteriol. 187: 4671-4682 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.13.4671-4682.2005
- Tesch, M., B. J. Eikmanns, A. A. de Graaf, and H. Sahm. 1998. Ammonia assimilation in Corynebacterium glutamicum and a glutamate dehydrogenase-deficient mutant. Biotechnol. Lett. 20: 953-957 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005442618575
-
Tesch, M., A. A. de Graaf, and H. Sahm. 1999. In vivo fluxes in the ammonium-assimilatory pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum studied by
$^{15}$ N nuclear magnetic resonance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1099-1109 - Thomas, G., G. Coutts, and M. Merrick. 2000. The glnKamtB operon. A conserved gene pair in prokaryotes. Trends Genet. 16: 11-14
- Tondervik, A., H. R. Torgersen, H. K. Botnmark, and A. R. Strom. 2006. Transposon mutations in the 5' end of glnD, the gene for a nitrogen regulatory sensor, that suppress the osmosensitive phenotype caused by otsBA lesions in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 188: 4218-4226 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00513-05
- Trotschel, C., S. Kandirali, P. Diaz-Achirica, A. Meinhardt, S. Morbach, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski. 2003. GltS, the sodium-coupled L-glutamate uptake system of Corynebacterium glutamicum: Identification of the corresponding gene and impact on L-glutamate production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 738-742 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1170-x
- Udaka, S. 1960. Screening method for microorganisms accumulating metabolites and its use in the isolation of Micrococcus glutamicus. J. Bacteriol. 79: 745-755
- Walter, B., E. HanBler, J. Kalinowski, and A. Burkovski. 2006. Nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen control in corynebacteria: Variations of a common theme. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (In press)
- Wendisch, V. F., M. Bott, J. Kalinowski, M. Oldiges, and W. Wiechert. 2006. Emerging Corynebacterium glutamicum systems biology. J. Biotechnol. 124: 74-92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.12.002