International Journal of Oral Biology

The Korean Academy of Oral Biology (대한구강생물학회)
권호 표지

Mode of Cell Death and Molecular Change of Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells Exposed to Metal Ions

  • Kim, Hyung-Il (Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University) ;
  • Baek, Chang-Jun (Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, In-Ryoung (Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Hyung-Keun (Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University) ;
  • Park, Hae-Ryoun (Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University)
  • Published : 2006.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Concerns remain regarding the biocompatibility and adverse effects of dental casting alloys. The aim of this study was to understand the cytopathogenic effect of metal ions, which might be released from dental alloys, on oral squamous carcinoma(OSC) cells. The cellular morphology, viability, the type of cell death and molecular change in response to metal ion salt solutions including aluminum(Al), cobalt(Co), copper(Cu) and nickel(Ni) were examined. The $TC_{50}$ values for the metal ions with the exception of AI were estimated to be between 400 and $600{\mu}M$. The cells treated with the metal ions showed apoptotic change with the exception of Al ions. Metal ion-induced apoptosis was further confirmed using flow cytometric analysis. This study showed that the cytotoxicity and the mode of cell death by metal ions clearly depend on the cell type, the type of metal ion and the duration of exposure. The protein level of Rb, a tumor suppressor that affects apoptosis para-doxically, was higher in the cells treated with Co, Cu and Ni. It is believed that apoptosis and cell damage in the OSC cells treated with Co, Cu or Ni can be evoked by the regulation of Rb.

Keywords

References

  1. Boise, L.H., Gonzalez-Garcia, M., Postema, C.E., Ding, L., Lindsten, T., Turka, L.A., Mao, X., Nunez, G. and Thompson, C.B.: Bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74:597-608, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90508-N
  2. Bouchard, P.R., Black, J., Albrecht, B.A., Kaderly, R.E., Galante, J.O. and Pauli, B.U.: Carcinogenicity of CoCrMo (F-75) implants in the rat. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 32:37-44, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199609)32:1<37::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-Q
  3. Brosin, A., Wolf, V., Mattheus, A. and Heise, H.: Use of XTT-assay to assess the cytotoxicity of different surfactants and metal salts in human keratinocytes(HaCaT). A feasible method for in vitro testing of skin irritants. Acta Derm. Venereol. 77:26-28, 1997
  4. Bumgardner, J.D. and Lucas, L.C.: Cellular response to metallic ions released from nickel-chromium dental alloys. J. Dent. Res. 74:1521-1527, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345950740081401
  5. Catelas, I., Petit, A., Zukor D.J. and Huk, O.L.: Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of cobalt and chromium ions on J774 macrophages- Implication of caspase-3 in the apoptotic pathway. J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. M. 12:949-953, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012800813662
  6. Chun, Y.C., Lee, S.A., Keum, Y.S., Yoon, J.H., Yook, J.I. and Kim, J.: Establishment of oral cancer cell lines and their biologic characterization. Korean J Oral & Maxillofacial Pathol. 26:1-19, 2002
  7. Cohen, G.M., Sun, X.M., Snowden, R.T., Dinsdale, D. and Skilleter, D.N.: Key morphological features of apoptosis may occur in the absence of intemucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Biochem. J. 286:331-334, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2860331
  8. Craig, R.G. and Hanks, C.T.: Cytotoxicity of experimental casting alloys evaluated by cell culture tests. J. Dent. Res. 69:1539-1542, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690081801
  9. Cross, D.P., Ramachandran, G. and Wattenberg, E.V.: Mixtures of nickel and cobalt chlorides induce synergistic cytotoxic effects: implications for inhalation exposure modeling. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 45:409-418, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00069-7
  10. Dominguez, M.C., Sole, E., Goni, C. and Ballabriga, A.: Effect of aluminum and lead salts on lipid peroxidation and cell survival in human skin fibroblasts. BioI. Trace Elem. Res. 47:57-67, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02790101
  11. Dunnick, J.K., Elwell, M.R., Rodavsky, A.E., Benson, J.M., Hahn, F.F., Nikula, K.J., Barr, E.B. and Hobbs, C.H.: Comparative carcinogenic effects of nickel sub sulfide, nickel oxide, or nickel sulfate hexahydrate chronic exposures in the lung. Cancer Res. 55:5251-5256, 1995
  12. Ermolli, M., Menne, C., Pozzi, G., Serra, M.A. and Clerici, L.A.: Nickel, cobalt and chromium-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation in human hacat keratinocytes. Toxicology 159:23-31, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00373-5
  13. Granchi, D., Ciapetti, G., Savarino, L., Cavedagna, D., Donati, M.E. and Pizzoferrato, A.: Assessment of metal extract toxicity on human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 31:183-191, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199606)31:2<183::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-J
  14. Haldar, S., Negrini, M., Monne, M., Sabbioni, S. and Croce, C.M.: Down-regulation of bcl-2 by p53 in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 54:2095-2097, 1994
  15. Hsu, H.C. and Yen, S.K.: Evaluation of metal ion release and corrosion resistance of $ZrO_2$ thin coatings on the dental CoCr alloys. Dent. Mater. 14:339-346, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(99)00002-0
  16. Hu, G.F.: Copper stimulates proliferation of human endothelial cells under culture. J. Cell. Biochem. 69:326-335, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19980601)69:3<326::AID-JCB10>3.0.CO;2-A
  17. Kasprzak, K.S.: Possible role of oxidative damage in metalinduced carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest.13:411-430, 1995 https://doi.org/10.3109/07357909509031921
  18. Krek, W., Xu, G. and Livingston, D.M.: Cyclin A-kinase regulation of E2F-1 DNA binding function underlies suppression of an S phase checkpoint. Cell 83: 1149-1158, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90141-8
  19. Lee, S.H., Choi, J.G. and Cho, M.H.: Apoptosis, Bcl-2 expression, and cell cycle analyses in nickel (II)-treated normal rat kidney cells. J. Kor. Med. Sci. 16:165-168, 2001 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2001.16.2.165
  20. Little, M.C., Gawkrodger, D.J. and MacNeil, S.: Chromiumand nickel-induced cytotoxicity in normal and transformed human keratinocytes: an investigation of pharmacological approaches to the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. Brit. J. Dermatol. 134:199-207, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07602.x
  21. Messer, R.L.W. and Lucas L.C.: Evaluations of metabolic activities as biocompatibility tools: a study of individual ions' effects on fibroblasts. Dent. Mater. 15: 1-6, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(99)90023-4
  22. Miyashita, T., Krajewski, S., Krajewska, M., Wang, H.G., Lin, H.K., Liebermann, D.A., Hoffman, B. and Reed, J.C.: Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9: 1799-1805, 1994
  23. Oller, A.R., Costa, M. and Oberdorster, G.: Carcinogenicity assessment of selected nickel compounds. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm.143:152-166, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.8075
  24. Oltvai, Z.N., Milliman, C.L. and Korsmeyer, S.J.: Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74:609-619, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90509-O
  25. Picardo, M., Zompetta, C., De Luca, C., Cristaudo, A., Cannistraci, C., Faggioni, A. and Santucci, B.: Nickel-keratinocyte interaction: a possible role in sensitization. Brit. J. Dermatol. 122:729-735, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06259.x
  26. Schedle, A., Samorapoompichit, P., Rausch-Fan, X.H., Franz, A., Fureder, W., Sperr, W.R., Sperr, W., Ellinger, A., Siavicek, R., Boltz-Nitulescu, G. and Valent, P.: Response of L-929 fibroblasts, human gingival fibroblasts, and human tissue mast cells to various metal cations. J. Dent. Res. 74: 1513-1520, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345950740081301
  27. Shiao, Y-H, Lee, S-H. and Kasprzak, K.S.: Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and p53 expression in nickel (II) acetate-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells. Carcinogenesis 19:1203-1207, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/19.7.1203
  28. Tsang, S.Y., Tam, S.C., Bremner, I. and Burkitt, M.J.: Copper-1,10-phenanthroline induces intemucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, resulting from direct oxidation by the hydroxyl radical. Biochem. J. 317:13-16, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3170013
  29. Wataha, J.C., Craig, R.G. and Hanks, C.T.: The release of elements of dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium. J. Dent. Res. 70:1014-1018, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345910700060301
  30. Wataha, J.C., Hanks, C.T. and Craig, R.G.: The effect of cell monolayer density on the cytotoxicity of metal ions which are released from dental alloys. Dent. Mater. 9: 172-176, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(93)90116-8
  31. Wataha, J.C. and Lockwood, P.E.: Release of elements from dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium over 10 months. Dent. Mater. 14:158-163, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(98)00023-2
  32. Weinberg, R.A.: The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323-330, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90385-2
  33. Zhai, Q., Ji, H., Zheng, Z., Yu, X., Sun, L. and Liu, X.: Copper induces apoptosis in BA/F3P, cells: bax, reactive oxygen species, and $NF_{\kappa}$B are involved. J. Cell. Physiol. 184:161-170, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4652(200008)184:2<161::AID-JCP3>3.0.CO;2-N
  34. Zou, W., Yan, M., Xu, W., Huo, H., Sun, L., Zheng, Z. and Liu, X.: Cobalt chloride induces PC12 cells apoptosis through reactive oxygen species and accompanied by AP-1 activation. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:646-653, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.1118