• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.190-196
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• 2002

Zinc deficiency has been shown to result in poor appetite, causing anorexia. However, the role of zinc in the regulation of food intake is not well understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that zinc deficiency dysregulates circulating leptin level and leptin mRNA gene expression, and that whether these changes were occuring as a direct result of, or as a compensatory effect of zinc deficiency in rats. After an adaptation period of 4 weeks, Sprague Dawley rats were provided with three different level of zinc, as one week of a Zn-adequate (30 mg/kg) diet, then two weeks of a Zn-depletion (1 mg/kg ), and finally by two weeks of a Zn-repletion (50 mg/kg) diet. At the end of each dietary experimental period, one third of the 26 rats were killed. Zinc levels of blood subfractions (plasma, yee blood cells and mononuclear cells) and in the liver were substantially decreased, despite the fact that food intake was not substantially decreased during the Zn-depletion period. Serum leptin concentration was significantly increased during the zinc depletion period. Leptin mRNA in adipose tissue was also shown to be highly expressed during the Zn-depletion period. Presumably, increased leptin level and leptin mRNA induction during Zn-depletion conditions may be the cause of lowered appetite which is the common symptom of Zn-deficiency. In conclusion, These increases in circulating leptin levels and in leptin gene expression would be the direct result of, rather than the compensatory effect of, zinc deficiency.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc and copper metabolism and risk factors of chronic diseases in 20 normal adults women. The daily intake, excretions in urine and feces, and serum levels of zinc and copper were determined by 24-hr food records and chemical analysis. The results were summarized as follows. mean age, body weight and BMI were 22.88 years, 54.65kg and 21.28kg/$m^2$ respectively. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were 1578.84㎉(79% of RDA) and 52.05g (87% of RDA). The zinc and copper intake, excrestion in urine and feces were 7093.23$\mu\textrm{g}$(59% of RDA/2093.87$\mu\textrm{g}$, 203.50$\mu\textrm{g}$/39.87$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 3416.41$\mu\textrm{g}$/857.62$\mu\textrm{g}$, respectively. The serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, zinc and copper were 76.60mg/㎗, 15.66IU/㎗, 160.30mg/㎗, 50.95mg/㎗, 89.80mg/㎗, 89.79mg/㎗, 95.65$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 73.28$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ respectively. Dietary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with serum insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. The urinary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with triglyceride. The serum copper level was shown to have significant negative correlations with serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In summary, Zn consumption of adult women in their normal diet does not meet the Zn requirement for Koreans. Also, intakes of Zn and Cu may effect the glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, to increase the Zn intake and to maintain an appropriate intake ratio of Zn to Cu, nutrition education needs to be implemented.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.517-523
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• 2000

The effect of dietary zinc deficiency and age on lipid peroxide level was investigaed in rats. Zinc level in serum and liver were also measured. Fifty Sprague-Dawly male rats aging 8 months(older rats) and 2 months(younger rats) were used as experimental animal. Zinc deficient diet(1.1ppm) and normal zinc diet(36.5ppm) were used as experimental diets. Rats in each age group were divided into zinc deficient(ZnDF), zinc pair-fed(ZnPF) and zinc ad-libitum(ZnAL) to remove the variances of food intake. After 4 weeks of experimetal period, rats were sacrificed. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) levels in plasma and liver, lipofuscin and conjugated diene levels in liver were measured as lipid peroxide index. Food intakes of all groups were not different because zinc deficiency did not reduce food intake in ZnDF group. Younger rats gained weight continuously, while older rats lost weight in the begining of experiment and regained afterwards. In older rats, serum zinc level was decreaed while plasma TBARS. level was increased in ZnDF group. In younger rats, plasma TBARS concentration was increased in dietary zinc deficient rats although serum zinc concentration was not reduced. Liver zinc concentration was significantly higher in older rats comparing to younger rats. However, there was no difference among the three dietary groups. Liver TBARS level was not different by age or dietary zinc level. However it was tended to be higher in older rats. However there was no difference by the dietary zinc level. In both age groups, ZnDF group significantly increased plasma TBARS levels, which suggested dietary zinc deficiency could increase lipid peroxidation in part. Significantly higher levels of lipofuscin and conjugated diene in older rats suggested lipid peroxidation was accelerated by aging.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.824-832
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to evaluate nutritional intake by lunch-box of middle school girls who live in Chonbuk area. Anthropometric measurements and food intake from lunch-box over a three day period were investigated in a total of 110 middle school girls from rural (n＝37) and urban (n＝73) areas. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Not all the steamed rice in the lunch-box had enough mixed-cereal. 2. In the survey of food intake by food groups, 70.5% of the food came from the cereal group. 3. The intake of protein, phosphate, Vitamins $B_1 and B_2$, niacine and Vitamin E were adequate, however, the intake of other nutrients was significantly lower than those of one-third of the Korean RDA.4. Protein, lipid, and zinc intakes of the students from the rural area were significantly lower than those of students from the urban area. however, the carbohydrate and dietary fiber intakes of those in the rural area were significantly higher than those of the students in the urban area. 5. The percentage of calories from carbohydrate : protein lipid ratio was 67.6 : 12.2 : 16.9 for students in the rural area and 59.2 : 14.9 : 22.5 respectively for those in the urban area. In Summary, the intake of calcium, iron, Vitamins A, $B_6$, and D, folate and zinc from lunch-box in middle school girls was much lower than that of one-third of the Korean RDA. The intake of carbohydrate and dietary fiber of the students in the rural area was significantly higher, but that of protein, lipids, and zinc was lower than that of the students in the urban area. Therefore, nutritional education programs for both students and their parents should be provided to improve the daily food intake from lunch-box.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.406-414
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• 1997

It has been known that dietary phytate decreases the absorption of body zinc pool which is composed of the dietary and endogenous zinc in the body. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of phytate on the absorption of total bodyzinc in Zn-depleted rats. Rats were Zn-depleted with either low(0.8%) or high(1.6%) Ca diet containing sodium phytate for 4 weeks. After zinc depletion, rats were assigned into phytate or non-phytate dietary groups within each low-or high-Ca dietary group. ant feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection and 1 week after dietary crossover, during which the phytate and the non-phytate diet was switched over within the same Ca group. The content of Zn and Ca measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and phytate content was analyzed. food intake was higher in the high Ca group than in the low Ca group(p <0.0001), and was also higher in the non-phytate group than in the phytate group(p <0.0001). Food intake and phytate level affected body weight gain in rats(p <0.0001). Zinc excretion in the total feces was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group at both low and high Ca level(p <0.0001), except during the crossover collection period in high Ca group. Calcium, however, didn't show any synergistic effect on phytate effect(p <0.05). This study showed that phytate decreased the absorption of total body zinc at both low and high Ca levels in Zn-depleted rats. A large portion of total body zinc originated from the endogenous zinc pool in these rats. The results of the present study showed the same effect of phytate on the endogenous zinc in Zn-depleted rats as in a previous study, confirming that phytate adversely affects zinc bioavailability, especially under marginal and poor zinc nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrients intake and levels of three elements (iron, copper and zinc) in the plasma of breast cancer patients to those in healthy controls. Patients (n = 97) and their age-matched healthy control groups (n = 97) participated in the study. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire specifically formulated to evaluate the consumption of nutrients was used to estimate dietary intake. Only plasma was taken from the 20 patients and their age-matched healthy control group. Plasma concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, ratio of Cu/Zn were measured in both groups. Results showed that patients consumed significantly lower protein, fat, iron. Plasma level of copper and ratio of Cu/Zn were significantly higher in patients compared to those of controls. In conclusion, change of trace elements in plasma might be useful and significant as biomakers involving the initial process. And these results imply that trace elements status is a factor related to breast cancer risk and suggest that proper intake of those nutrients is required for cancer prevention.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2007

For the assessment of representative and longitudinal Zn nutriture in South Koreans, Zn, phytate and Ca intakes were determined using four consecutive years of food consumption data taken from Korean National Nutrition Survey Report (KNNSR) every 10 years during 1969-1998. The nutrient intake data are presented for large city and rural areas. Zn intake of South Koreans in both large city and rural areas was low during 1969-1988 having values between 4.5-5.6 mg/d, after then increased to 7.4 (91% Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, EAR = 8.1 mg/d) and 6.7 mg/d (74% EAR) in 1998 in large city and rural areas, respectively. In 1968, Zn intake was unexpectedly higher in rural areas due to higher grain consumption, but since then until 1988 Zn intake was decreased and increased back in 1998. Food sources for Zn have shifted from plants to a variety of animal products. Phytate intake of South Koreans during 1969-1978 was high mainly due to the consumption of grains and soy products which are major phytate sources, but decreased in 1998. The molar ratios of phytate:Zn and millimmolar ratio of phytate${\times}$Ca:Zn were decreased due to the decreased phytate intake in South Koreans, which implies higher zinc bioavailability. The study results suggest that Zn nutriture has improved by increased dietary Zn intakes and the decreased molar ratio of phytate:Zn in South Koreans in both large city and rural areas.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was aimed to assess selenium and zinc status in female collegiate athletes and their relationship with dietary intake. Methods: Female collegiate athletic groups of judo and aerobics, and healthy sedentary collegiate females were recruited for this study and their serum selenium and zinc contents were measured by the neutron activation analysis (NAA) method. In addition, the dietary intake of subjects was measured using the two days 24-hour recall method. Results: Serum selenium in judo athletes was $10.7{\mu}g/dl$, which was significantly lower than that of aerobic athletes ($12.2{\mu}g/dl$), but not different from that of the sedentary group ($11.4{\mu}g/dl$). Additionally, serum zinc levels were $96.1{\mu}g/dl$ and $90.2{\mu}g/dl$ in aerobic and judo athletes, respectively, which did not differ significantly. Moreover, dietary selenium and zinc intake of the athletic groups did not differ significantly from that of the sedentary female group. Overall, 33.3% of the serum selenium concentration variation was explained by the intake of vitamin E, selenium and saturated fatty acids, while 14.7% of the serum zinc level variation was explained by the intake of saturated fatty acids. The strongest dietary indicator for serum selenium and zinc levels was saturated fatty acids intake. Conclusion: Judo athletes appear to have lower selenium status than aerobic athletes, suggesting different body selenium status according to sport type. To maintain body selenium and zinc levels, the dietary intake of saturated fatty acids should be decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.492-503
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional intakes of college students in Seoul and Yanbian by ethnic : Korean, Korean-Chinese, Chinese. The questionnaire were applied to individual interviewing method. Statisticai data analysis was completed by SAS 8.0 package program for t-test, ANOVA and multiple comparison. The results of this study were as follows. Average energy intake per day was high in Korean-Chinese. Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) was highest in iron and lowest in zinc. Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR) score was $0.68{\sim}0.85$ for each group. The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) were over 1.0 for most nutrients except 0.41 of zinc and 0.76 of calcium. Average energy intake ranked high in Korean-Chinese, Korean and Chinese.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 1999

Fifth one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes were studied in North-west Frontier Province of Pakistan. Rectal examination of reproductive organs was carried out on days 14 and 21 and then fortnightly. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for progesterone levels (MPL). Feed samples were collected fortnightly and analyzed. The buffaloes calving during the normal breeding season (NBS, August to January) (p<0.01) postpartum estrus interval of 55.95 days versus 91.15 days in those calving during the low breeding season (LBS, February to July). MPL in the LBS remained lower than the NBS (p<0.01). Shortest postpartum ovulation interval was noted during autumn(August to October), followed by winter (November to January), summer (May to July) and spring (February to April). The incidence of silent ovulations was during LBS than NBS (70.6% versus 29.4%). In autumn there was minimum intake of crude protein (CPI) and maximum intake of metabolizable energy (MEI, p<0.01). Calcium intake was higher in NBS than LBS calving buffaloes (p<0.01). Phosphorus, copper and magnesium intake was lower (p<0.05) and zinc intake was higher (p<0.01) in autumn, It was (p<0.05) and zinc intake was higher (p<0.01) in autumn, It was concluded that onset of breeding season was associated with increasing MEI and decreasing CPI and minerals intake.