• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.95-102
• /
• 1993

In order to find the most fitted biodegradation model, biodegradation models to the initial 4-chlorophenol concentrations were investigated and had been fitted by the linear regression. The degrading bacterium, EL-091S, was selected among phenol-degraders. The strain was identified with Pseudomows sp. from the result of taxonomical studies. The optimal condition for the biodegradation was as fellows: secondary carbon source, concentration of ammonium nitrate, temperature and pH were 200mg/l fructose, 600 mg/l, $30^{\circ}C$ and 7.0 respectively. The highest degradation rate of the 4-chlorophenol was about 58% for 24 hours incubation on the optimal condition. Biodegradation kinetics model of 5 mg/l 4-Chlorophenol, 10 mg/l 4-chlorophenol and 50 mg/l 4-chlorophenol were fitted the zero order kinetics model, respectively. Key Words : 4-chlorophenol, Pseudomonas sp., zero order kinetics model.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.179-183
• /
• 1989

Drug release experiments were performed based on pH-sensitive swelling behaviors of polymethacrylic acid. 5-Fluorouracil as a nonionic model drug revealed release patterns depending solely on pH-dependent swelling kinetics of polymethacrylic acid. In contrast, release of propranolol hydrochloride as a cationic model drug was significantly affected by ionic drug-polymer interaction as well as the swelling kinetics. Accordingly, a zero-order release pattern was obtained at pH 7, which was distinguished from the general matrix type drug release pattern.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제26권7호
• /
• pp.859-868
• /
• 2017

In this study, the reductive dechlorination of triclosan using zero-valent iron (ZVI, $Fe^0$) and modified zero-valent iron (i.e., acid-washed iron (Aw/Fe) and palladium-coated iron (Pd/Fe)) was experimentally investigated, and the reduction characteristics were evaluated by analyzing the reaction kinetics. Triclosan could be reductively decomposed using zero-valent iron. The degradation rates of triclosan were about 50% and 67% when $Fe^0$ and Aw/Fe were used as reductants, respectively, after 8 h of reaction. For the Pd/Fe system, the degradation rate was about 57% after 1 h of reaction. Thus, Pd/Fe exhibited remarkable performance in the reductive degradation of triclosan. Several dechlorinated intermediates were predicted by GC-MS spectrum, and 2-phenoxyphenol was detected as the by-product of the decomposition reaction of triclosan, indicating that reductive dechlorination occurred continuously. As the reaction proceeded, the pH of the solution increased steadily; the pH increase for the Pd/Fe system was smaller than that for the $Fe^0$ and Aw/Fe system. Further, zero-order, first-order, and second-order kinetic models were used to analyze the reaction kinetics. The first-order kinetic model was found to be the best with good correlation for the $Fe^0$ and Aw/Fe system. However, for the Pd/Fe system, the experimental data were evaluated to be well fitted to the second-order kinetic model. The reaction rate constants (k) were in the order of Pd/Fe > Aw/Fe > $Fe^0$, with the rate constant of Pd/Fe being much higher than that of the other two reductants.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제18권E3호
• /
• pp.165-174
• /
• 2002

A dual -column biofilter system with two different composts was used to investigate the macro-kinetics of dim-ethyl disulfide (DMDS) degradation. The biofilter columns were filled with compost mixtures up to one meter, The gas How rate and DMDS concentration to the biofilters were varied to study their effect on the removal characteris-tics of DMDS. It was found that the biodegradation of DMDS was governed by zero-order reaction -limited macro-kinetics for inlet DMDS concentrations between 10 and 55 ppmv. The overall average zero-order kinetic coeffi-cient for DMDS removal by compost was 0.50 ($\pm$0.1) ppm/sec for both compost mixtures studied. Variations in individual kinetic coefficients were observed due to varying environmental conditions, such as pH and temperature. The kinetic coefficients determined are specific to the system discussed in this work. During high acidity conditions in the filter beds, methyl mercaptan (MM) was observed in the gas samples collected. Appearance of MM was pro-bably due to decreased microbial activity in the lower portions of the biofilter. Considering the neutral pH range required and the presence of methyl mercaptan, it is likely that the microorganisms present in the biofilters used in this research are similar to the T. thioparus (strain E6) species.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제1권3호
• /
• pp.223-236
• /
• 2012

Biosorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was studied with respect to the point of zero charge of coconut husk, dye concentration, particle size, pH, temperature, as well as adsorbent and NaCl concentration using coconut husk biomass. Amongst Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms studied, Langmuir adsorption isotherm showed better agreement. Pseudo second order kinetics model was found to be more suitable for data presentation as compared to pseudo first order kinetics model. Also, involvement of diffusion process was studied using intraparticle diffusion, external mass transfer and Boyd kinetic model. Involvement of intraparticle diffusion model was found to be more relevant (prominent) as compared to external mass transfer (in) for methylene blue biosorption by the coconut husk. Moreover, thermodynamic properties of MB biosorption by coconut husk were studied. Desorption of methylene blue from biomass was studied with different desorbing agents, and the highest desorption achieved was as low as 7.18% with acetone, which indicate stable immobilization. Under the experimental conditions MB sorption was not significantly affected by pH, temperature and adsorbent concentration but low sorption was observed at higher NaCl concentrations.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제25권12호
• /
• pp.1717-1726
• /
• 2016

In this study, the reductive decolorization of three acid and basic dyes using modified zero-valent iron (i.e., acid-washed iron (Aw/Fe) and palladium coated iron (Pd/Fe)) at various pH conditions (pH 3~5) was experimentally investigated and the decolorization characteristics were evaluated by analyzing the absorbance spectra and reaction kinetics. In the case of acid dyes such as methyl orange and eriochrome black T, color removal efficiencies increased as initial pH of the dye solution decreased. However, the color removal of methylene blue, a basic dye, was not affected much by the initial pH and more than 70% of color was removed within 10 min. During the decolorization reaction, the absorbance of methyl orange (${\lambda}_{max}=464nm$) and eriochrome black T (${\lambda}_{max}=528nm$) decreased in the visible range but increased in the UV range. The absorbance of methylene blue (${\lambda}_{max}=664nm$) also decreased gradually in the visible range. Pseudo-zero order, pseudo-first order, and pseudo-second order kinetic models were used to analyze the reaction kinetics. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be the best with good correlation. The decolorization reaction rate constants ($k_2$) of methylene blue were relatively higher than those of methyl orange and eriochrome black T. The reaction rate constants of methyl orange and eriochrome black T increased with a decrease in the initial pH.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 1989

Drug release rates from copolymer hydrogels were controlled by their hydrophilic-hydrophobic balances. As a model copolymer hydrogel, poly(acrylamide-co-styrene) was synthesized at different monomer composition. Release mechanisms of propranolol-HCI from the copolymer matrices were investisated. Swelling rates of the copolymer hydrogels retarded as their hydrophobicity increased. Swelling kinetics of the copolymer hydrogels regulated drug release rates via polymer relaxation controlled release mechanisms. Zero order drug release could thus be achieved within certain periods.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.411-419
• /
• 2002

In this study, the series of ultrasonic irradiation for removal of refractory aromatic compounds has been selected as a model reaction in the batch reactor system in order to obtain the reaction kinetics. The products obtained from the ultrasonic irradiation were analysed by GC and GC/MSD. The decomposition of benzene produced toluene, phenol, and C1-C4 compounds, while the intermediates during the ultrasonic irradiation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol(DCP) were phenol, HCl, catechol, hydroquinone, and benzoquinone. It was found that more than 80% of benzene, and 2,4-DCP solutions were removed within 2 hours in all reaction conditions. The reaction order in the degradation of these three compounds was verified as pseudo-zero or first order. From the fore-mentioned results, it can be concluded that the refractory organic compounds could be removed by the ultrasonic irradiation with radicals, such as $H{\cdot}$ and $OH{\cdot}$ radical causing the high increase of pressure and temperature. Finally, it appeared that the technology using ultrasonic irradiation can be applied to the treatment of refractory compounds which are difficult to be decomposed by the conventional methods.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.302-311
• /
• 1995

Benfuresate 및 oxolinic acid를 공시농약으로 선정하여 포장조건하에서 각각의 농약을 토성이 다른 논 및 밭토양에 시용하여 시기별로 잔류량을 측정한후 6가지 kinetic models을 도입하여 잔류유형을 나타내는 최적(最適) model을 선정하고 각 model로부터 구한 반감기를 비교 평가했다. Benfuresate 및 oxolinic acid의 잔류유형은 6가지 model에 의해 유의성 있게 설명되고 있었으나 $t\frac{1}{2}$ 산출을 위해 Power Function(PF), Elovich(EL), Parabolic(PB)등의 경험식을 적용하는것은 무리가 있었다. 실험식중 결정계수($r^2$), 표준오차(SE) 및 유의성을 기준으로 평가할 때 second-order(SO)>first-order(FO)>zero-order(ZO) kinetic model 순(順)이었다. 그러나 FO model의 경우, single FO kinetics 보다는 빠른 분해단계와 느린 분해단계로 구성된 multiple FO kinetics model이 잔류유형을 더 유의성있게 나타냈고, 이 경우 SO model과 비슷한 $r^2$값을 보여 주었다. 따라서 2가지 공시농약의 잔류유형을 나타내는 최적 model은 multiple FO 또는 SO model로 평가되었다. Benfuresate의 경우 single FO model로 산출한 반감기($t\frac{1}{2}$)는 월곡통과 청원통에서 각각 49, 63일로 SO model로부터 구한 $t\frac{1}{2}$인 39, 55일 보다 $20{\sim}13%$가 길었다. Oxolinic acid의 경우 FO model로부터 구한 $t\frac{1}{2}$은 용계통, 이현통에서 각각 25, 26일로 SO model로부터 구한 $t\frac{1}{2}$ 보다 $87{\sim}51%$ 긴 것으로 평가되었다. 이런 결과는 농약의 잔류유형을 나타내는 최적 model이 농약의 종류 및 환경조건에 따라 다를 수 있고 이에 따른 $t\frac{1}{2}$도 변화폭이 크기 때문에 FO model을 일률적으로 적용하는 대신 최적 model을 선정하고 이로부터 $t\frac{1}{2}$를 산출하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.97-108
• /
• 1999

금속 철(Fe$^{0}$ )에 의한 TNT의 환원실험을 회분식 반응조를 사용하여 환원 상태에서 연구하였다. 실험 결과, 환원에 의한 TNT의 농도감소는 유사 1차 반응으로 나타났고 반응상수는 반응조에 첨가한 철의 표면적에 선형적으로 비례하였으며, 교반 속도 60 rpm에서의 반응상수는 0.0981$min^{-1}$m$^{-2}$ L로 측정되었다. Triaminotoluene로 추정되는 최종산물이 용액내에 축적되었다. 철 표면에 흡착된 물질을 용출하기 위하여 acetonitrile혹은 물(인산염 완충액, pH=7.0)로 추출을 시도하였으나 용출되는 물질은 극히 미량이었다. 또한, 용액 내에서 생물학적 분해에서의 주요 중간산물인 aminodinitrotoluenes은 검출되지 않았다. 그러므로, 철에 의한 TNT의 환원시 니트로기의 환원이 순차적으로 발생하여 아미노기를 형성하지 않고, 3개의 니트로기에 대하여 동시에 발생하는 것으로 사료된다. 이에 TNT의 환원 모델을 제시하였다.