• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.715-724
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• 2010

Recurrent event data occurs when a subject experience the event of interest several times and has been found in biomedical studies, sociology and engineering. Several diverse approaches have been applied to analyze the recurrent events (Cook and Lawless, 2007). In this study, we analyzed the YTOP(Young Traffic Offenders Program) dataset which consists of 192 drivers with conviction dates by speeding violation and traffic rule violation. We consider a subject-specific effect, frailty, to reflect the individual's driving behavior and extend to time-varying frailty effect. Another feature of this study is about the redefinition of risk set. During the study, subject may be under suspension and this period is regarded as non-risk period. Thus the risk variables are reformatted according to suspension and termination time.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.179-194
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• 2009

The spatial distribution of crime incidences in urban neighborhoods is a reflection of their socio-economic environment and spatial inter-relations. Spatial interactions between offenders and victims lead to spatial autocorrelation of the crime incidences. The spatial autocorrelation among the incidences biases the interpretation of the ecological model in OLS framework. This research investigates residential crimes using residential burglaries and robberies occurred in the city of Columbus, Ohio, for 2000. In particular, the spatial distribution of incidence rates of residential crimes are accounted in OLS framework using eigenvectors, which reflect spatial dependence in crime patterns. Result presents that handling spatial autocorrelation enhanced model estimation, and both economic deprivation and crime opportunity are turned out significant in estimating residential crime rates.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.184-193
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• 1994

This study was purposed to find out clinical characteristic of intra and extrafamilial sexual abuse, nature of offenders, difference of symptoms describe that sexually abused children and adolescents were experienced. Subjects were 10 sexually abused children and adolescents who visited Seoul National Mental Hospital, from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1993. In intrafamilial sexual abuse, they had more chronic course than extrafamilial abuse and had more family psychopathology. In symptomatology, The preschool children mainly presented to somatic symptoms and anxiety, and The school children prominently exhibited depressive reaction and withdrawal. Most common reaction of parents was anger and guilt. They were treated with crisis intervention, play therapy, and hospitalization, if needed. The maintenance of treatment was difficult due to parent's avoidance and repression.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.226-235
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Adolescent Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI-A) in a standardized adolescent sample using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Methods : For this purpose, three models about factor structure of the PAI-A were explored with EFA in 490 adolescents and then were evaluated with CFA in 268 young offenders. Results : The results showed that the five factor model was considered to be most appropriate for factor structures of the PAI-A in EFA. However, none of the factor models were appropriate for the factor structures of the PAI-A in CFA. Conclusion : These findings suggest that the "five factor model" is thought to explain the PAI-A the best, but further studies are needed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.205-216
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• 2016

This study aimed to discover the most influential player in the network of Soccer game and how individual players contribute within the team with quantitative capabilities they possess. It also examined whether or not the network of relationship between players and the coach's tactics were in harmony. The results showed high level of correlation between the network between offenders and defenders according to tactics of the coach during the first half. It can be said that each players fulfilled their role and formed a network within them to lead the game and form a virtuous network structure. On the other hand, the overall network of the team was focused on a specific player during the second half. But the coach's appropriate use of substitutes and change in tactics stabilized the network balance between the players.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.327-336
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• 2014

Recurrent event data occurs when a subject experiences same type of event repeatedly and is found in various areas such as the social sciences, Economics, medicine and public health. To analyze recurrent event data either a total time or a gap time is adopted according to research interest. In this paper, we analyze recurrent event data with incomplete observation gap using a gap time scale. That is, some subjects leave temporarily from a study and return after a while. But it is not available when the observation gaps terminate. We adopt an interval censoring mechanism for estimating the termination time. Furthermore, to model the association among gap times of a subject, a frailty effect is incorporated into a model. Programs included in Survival package of R program are implemented to estimate the covariate effect as well as the variance of frailty effect. YTOP (Young Traffic Offenders Program) data is analyzed with both proportional hazard model and a weibull regression model.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.2
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• pp.227-258
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• 1999

In a broad sense, ‘After-care SYSTEM’ for discharged prisoners mean legal actions of prisoners who have been released from lawful detention In its narrow sense, mean preventive protection and observation activities under regular guidance and supervision against those released from penal facilities after a certain period of detention Therefore, they should not be viewed as objects of mere concern or social work programs but preventive protection should he provided to them as part of national criminal policy After-care system is in the following two ways, The one is based on individual prisoner's request and consent, which is called 'Voluntary After-care system', The other is the one which is not based in personal request or consent but is based on obligation, which is named 'Compulsory After-care system In Korea, however no Compulsory After-care system is in practice Voluntary After-care system is to be carried out 6 method in the following by existing Probation, Parole Law. (1) offer of board and lodging (2) allowance of Traveling expense (3) allowance of occupation instrument or lending rehabilitation fund (4) training of occupation and vocational guidance (5) self-reliance support for After-care probationer (6) guidance of good deed And then to establish the society without offenders is the ideal of human beings, but criminal acts don't fade away, so in the field of the science of criminology, the importance of correctional system has become greater. The correctional idea has moved from severe punishment to educational rehabilitation for the goal of protecting both offender and security from the threat of crime in to day Some it is required that Compulsory After-care system is most important system in effective measures, and that existing Probation, Parole Law in Korea is renewed into Compulsory After-care system in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1276-1283
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• 2016

The scale of financial damages on voice fishing has not been decreased despite of national and social efforts to reduce the amounts of voice fishing damage. One of these reasons is a sophisticated and vernacular speech style that makes it difficult to recognize the offenders. Furthermore, nowadays, young men have intensively been deceived by not only sophisticated and vernacular speech style which is used the employer of real public offices but also obtained personal information. As a result, this lead directly to the financial damages of younger people who has a stronger judgement than older. For this, we investigated the comparison and analysis between the criminals of voice fishing and the same generation younger people for identifying voice features. The experiment was carried out based on the pitch, bandwidth of pitch, energy, speech speed and voice color for searching the difference of voice characteristics between the criminals of voice fishing and the same generation younger people since 2011. The experimental result shows that there is a significant difference in energy and speech speed between the criminals of voice fishing and the same generation younger people.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.30
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• pp.239-273
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• 2005

This study compares the Korean and U.S. media's coverage of the No Gun Ri massacre, analyzing their usages of sources in the stories and explaining by the perspective of media sociology why they differed in them. For the comparison with the AP's report, we selected only the reports of the Korean media which dealt with the incident itself. It was found that most of the Korean media utilized a very small number of sources, and that they relied on the victims alone. In contrast, the AP's sources were much more numerous drawn from both the victims and offenders. As a result, the Korean media failed to ensure the 'diversity of sources' and to illuminate the whole picture of the incident, although they had started to report it far earlier than the AP. From the depth interviews with the reporters, through the framework of media sociology, it was found first at the personal level, that the difference was brought about by the divergent news evaluation. It seemed that the Korean journalists regarded the incident with relatively lower news value than their U.S. counterparts. Next, at the intra-organizational level, it was conceded, neither did the Korean new media have so flexible news collecting system, nor so murk man-power and resource as the AP, which were required for the coverage of such an incident. The Korean media had not established the convention to utilize various sources with conflicting interests. Last, at the extra-organizational level, the Korean news media's coverage was still influenced by the self-censorship mechanism due to the ideologies of 'pro-Americanism' and 'anti-communism', even though the democratization of Korean society itself enabled the sensitive incident to be dealt with eventually by the media.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 2008

Objective : Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is considered as a reversible pathophysiological condition mainly induced by continuous vascular compression of the facial nerve root exit zone (REZ) at the cerebellopontine angle. As an offending vessel, vertebrobasilar artery tends to compress much more heavily than others. The authors analyzed HFS caused by vertebrobasilar artery and described the relationships between microsurgical findings and clinical courses. Methods : Out of 1,798 cases treated with microvascular decompression (MVD) from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 2004. the causative vessels were either vertebral artery or basilar artery in 87 patients. Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in this study. Preoperatively, computed tomography (CT) or brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with 3-dimentional short range MR technique was performed and CT was checked immediately or 2-3 days after anesthetic recovery. The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical features. the compression patterns of the vessels at the time of surgery and treatment outcomes. Results : There were 47 were male and 32 female patients. HFS developed on the left side in 52 cases and on the right side in 27. The mean age of onset was 52.3 years (range 19-60) and the mean duration of symptoms was 10.7 years. Many patients (39 cases; 49.1%) had past history of hypertension. HFS caused only by the vertebral artery was 8 cases although most of the other cases were caused by vertebral artery (VA) in combination with its branching arteries. Most frequently, the VA and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) were the simultaneous causative blood vessels comprising 32 cases (40.5%). and in 27 cases (34.2 %) the VA and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) were the offenders. Facial symptoms disappeared in 61 cases (77.2%) immediately after the operation and 68 cases (86.1%) showed good outcome after 6 months. Surgical outcome just after the operation was poor in whom the perforators arose from the offending vessels concurrently (p<0.05). Conclusion : In case where the vertebral artery is a cause of HFS, commonly branching arteries associated with main arterial compression on facial REZ requires more definite treatment for proper decompression because of its relatively poor results compared to the condition caused by other vascular compressive origins.