• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.23-43
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• 2006

Objectives: To investigate the drinking behavior and related factors of community residents in G city. Methods: Examination was executed with questionnaire to 1973 adults. Data were collected from October 1, 2005 to November 16, 2005. Drinking behavior involves rate of drinking, frequency of drinking, age of starting drinking, drinking amount, rate of attempts to drink moderately and reasons for reducing drinking. Related factors involves the general characteristics, the habits of health behaviors. This was analyzed with frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, x2-test, t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression. Results: The drinking rate of the respondents was 67.4%, that rate of male was 83.1%, while that rate of female was 52.5%. The drinking rate was higher in groups of younger aged and highly educated people than that rate of the other groups. The highest level of drinking frequency was ones or twice a week. The drinking frequency of those who drank more than three times weekly was higher in the groups of male, old aged, married people, low educated people, rural residents, farmers or fisherman or laborers and those who unemployed or who did not exercise frequently and control their body weight. These individuals also preferred salty food and meat and fish, dined out frequently, did not visit dental clinic regularly, and tend to be smokers. The mean of the age of starting drinking was 21.17 year-old, that of males was 19.94 year-old, that of females was 22.82 year-old. The mean of the age of starting drinking was lower in groups of male, young aged, unmarried, college educated, rural residents, clerks, high monthly income, healthy and no illness, and smokers than that of the other group. The average of the drinking amount was 5.77 pack, that of males was 7.41 pack, and that of females was 3.31 pack. The drinking amount is much more in groups of males, fifties, unmarried, college educated, rural residents, self-employed, healthy people, and smoker than the other. 33.4% of the respondents attempted to drink moderately. According to the reasons of trying to drink moderately, the rate of prevention illness was highest. Conclusions: The variables of influencing drinking were sex, marital status, education, smoking, monthly income, health status, and stress.

• 치과방사선
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1982

The purpose of this study was to observe the anatomic variation of condylar head and the positional relationship between condylar head and other anatomic structures of head by means of cephalometry using the submentovertex cephalogram from each person in centric occlusion for producing a good quality of temporomandibular joint radiograph. The 100 submentovertex cephalograms of 100 Korean adults consisted of 50 females ranged from 20 to 24 years age and 50 males ranged from 22 to 30 years age, were studied and analyzed statistically. The results were as follows; 1. The mean of the horizontal angulation of condylar head to the transmeatal line (EE-LA) was 18.5° (S.D. 7.9°), and all measurements that indicate the horizontal angulation of condylar head showed considerable differences among individuals. 2. In the comparison of male vs. female in the measurements, statistically significant differences were found in the majority of measurement items, and with exception of R-LA and LA-LA, the rest of these measurements were larger in male than in female. 3. In the comparison of left vs. right in the measurements, statistically significant differences were found in the majority of measurement items, and with exception of PC-CC, the rest of these measurements were larger in right than in left. As above, because the majority of measurements that involve the horizontal angulation of condylar head varied among individuals, between male and female, and between left and right, the condition of various temporomandibular joint radiography should be determined by means of cephalometry using the submentovertex cephalogram for producing the accurate radiographic image of temporomandibular joint.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2009

본 연구는 초음파진단장치의 3.5 MHz 프로브로 20대 정상 성인의 식전 후 쓸개용적과 쓸개벽두께를 시간별로 추적주사하고 이것들의 추이변화를 분석 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 식전 평균 쓸개용적은 남자 47.40 $m\ell$(SD 9.05), 여자 35.72 $m\ell$(SD 8.30)이었다. 2. 식전 평균 쓸개벽두께는 남 여 모두 2.3 mm(SD 0.3, SD 0.5)이었다. 3. 평균 쓸개박출계수(%)는 남자 67.20%, 여자 63.95%이었다. 4. 쓸개용적은 남 여 모두 식후 4시간까지는 음상관관계(v = -.487, p < .000, v = -.509, p < .000), 4시간 이후는 순상관관계(v = .434, p < .000, v = .440, p < .000)를 보였다. 5. 쓸개벽두께는 남 여 모두 식후 3시간까지는 순상관관계(t = .310, p < .002, t = .116, p < .246), 3시간 이후는 음상관관계(t = -.288, p < .010, t = -.126, p < 7.10)를 보였다. 6. 남 여 쓸개용량과 벽두께의 시간별 추이는 역상관관계를 나타냈다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3279-3283
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the incidence is increasing. CRC is more common with increasing age, but a proportion occurs in young adults, termed young CRC. This study assessed the incidence and the demographic of young CRC in Brunei Darussalam. Materials and Methods: All histologically proven CRC between 1986 and 2014 registered with the Department of Pathology cancer registry were reviewed and data extracted for analyses. Young CRC was defined as cancer in patients aged less than 45 years. The various population groups were categorized into locals (Malays, Chinese and Indigenous) and expatriates. Results: Over the study period, there were 1,126 histologically proven CRC (mean age $59.1{\pm}14.7$ years, Male 58.0%, Locals 91.8% and 8.2% expatriates). Young CRC accounted for 15.1% with the proportion declining over the years, from 29% (1986-1990) to 13.2% (2011-2014). The proportion of young CRC was highest among the indigenous (30.8%), followed by the expatriates (29.3%), Malays (14.3%) and lowest among the Chinese (10.8%). The mean age of young CRC was $35.9{\pm}6.2$; lowest among the indigenous ($33.5{\pm}6.7$), expatriate ($34.9{\pm}6.0$) groupd and the Malays ($35.6{\pm}6.5$) compared to the Chinese ($38.6{\pm}4.6$), a similar trend being observed in the non-young CRC groups. There were no difference between the genders and tumor locations (rectum or colon) between the young and the non-young CRC cases. Female young CRC was significantly younger than male (p<0.05) without any significant variation between the various population groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed that the young CRC accounted for 15.1% of all CRC with declining trend observed over recent years. Young CRC was more common among indigenous, expatriates and Malays and least common among the Chinese. There were no differences in the gender and tumor locations.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.1023-1032
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nicotine dependence, smoking-related attitude, and subjective norms across the stages of change for smoking cessation among adult smokers in a rural area. Method: The subjects were 276 current smokers (male=243, female=33). There were 3 stages of change for smoking cessation: pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stage. Data was collected by an interview or self-reporting from February 12th to March 5th 2004, and analyzed with frequency, percentage, $X^2-test$, Fisher's exact probability test, ANOVA, and Scheffe test using the SPSS-PC program. Result: According to the stages of change, 114(41.3%) current smokers were in pre-contemplation, 110(39.9%) in contemplation, and 52(18.8%) in the preparation stage. There was a higher percentage of males than females ($X^2-test$=8.99, p=.011) in the preparation stage. The mean score of the smoking-related attitude (F:7.43, p=.001) and subjective norm(F=27.41, p=.001) were both lowest in the pre-contemplation stage and increased positively during the stages of change for smoking cessation. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the authors recommend that community-based smoking cessation programs should be developed by considering the intention or motives of current smokers and should be initiated in the preparation stage and primarily for male groups.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction have been established as being related to the diabetes. Lately, what is emphasizing is that those have been shown as something related to the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), simple index is calculated on blood levels of fasting glucose and insulin. And HOMA has been widely validated and applied for insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. We also assessed the factors relative to insulin resistance and ${\beta}$ cell function determined by HOMA. The data from the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Analysis was done for 3,465 nondiabetic subjects (male 1,357, female 2,108). At baseline, anthropometric measurements were done and fasting glucose, insulin, lipid (Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Triglycerides) profiles were measured. HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA ${\beta}$-cell) were calculated from fasting glucose and insulin levels. In male, the value of HOMA-IR and HOMA ${\beta}$-cell was the highest among 30's and decreased as the age increased. In female, the value of HOMA-IR increased with age, while HOMA ${\beta}$-cell decreased. High HOMA-IR and low HOMA ${\beta}$-cell were associated with the highest value of fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure. Low HOMA-IR and high HOMA ${\beta}$-cell showed the lowest concentration of fasting glucose and the highest concentration of HDL cholesterol. High HOMA-IR and high HOMA ${\beta}$-cell were connected with BMI, Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and Triglycerides. There was a negative correlation between HOMA ${\beta}$-cell and age. The correlation coefficients of HOMA-IR and HOMA ${\beta}$-cell showed the highest value among weight, BMI and WC.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.167-171
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• 2012

Objective : The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics of ruptured aneurysms in young adults, of the third and fourth decades of life, and to compare several clinical characteristics affecting the outcome of patients. Methods : We retrospectively investigated 1459 patients who underwent surgery and endovascular treatment for ruptured cerebral aneurysms from June 1992 to December 2010 and compared clinical characteristics. We also reviewed pre-existing medical conditions and perioperative complications. Results : Among 1459 patients, there were 21 patients (1.44%) in the third decade and 104 patients (7.13%) in the fourth decade of life. Within two age groups, 88 (70.4%) were male and 37 (29.6%) were female, a ratio of 2.37 : 1. In both groups, we observed the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysm with the most frequency (p=0.028). In general, favorable outcome was achieved in both age groups (90.5% and 81.7%, respectively). An initial univariate analysis showed Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher grade, location of aneurysm, and rebleeding significantly associated with outcome after aneurysm rupture. Further, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only Hunt-Hess grade (grade 4-5) was a risk factor for the outcome (odds ratio=9.730, 95% confidence interval 2.069-45.756, p=0.004). Conclusion : The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was higher in the male population of the third and fourth decades of life. Aneurysms on the ACA were most frequently occurred in both age groups and the outcome of aneurysmal SAH among the third and fourth decades was favorable. Multivariate analysis revealed that high Hunt-Hess grade was a risk factor for patient's outcome.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2000

교정치료의 진단 및 치료계획의 수립시 이용되는 측모두부방사선 사진을 이용하여 골격성 부정교합의 형태와 성별에 따른 두부위치의 재현성을 파악하고자 성인남녀 90명을 대상으로 자세변수 6항목을 설정하여 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 자연두부위치의 재현성에 있어서 남,녀 각각의 자세변수는 통계학적인 유의성이 없었다 (P>0.05). 2. 자연두부위치의 재현성에 있어서 각 부정교합군과 전체 표본 각각의 자세변수는 통계학적인 유의성이 없었다(P>0.05). 3. method error를 이용한 자연두부위치의 재현성은 모든군에서 우수하였다. 결론적으로 자연두부위치의 재현성은 골격성 부정교합의 양상과 성별에 관계없이 우수하였는데, 이는 자연두부위치를 이용한 많은 연구에 도움이 될 뿐 아니라 교정적 문제와 관련된 기능과 형태의 관계를 파악하고자 할 때 그 가치를 높이는데 기여할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.386-398
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• 1992

In order to study the relationship between life-style and serum lipids level in young adults, the author measured the concentration of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and investigated age, relative weight, weekly alcohol intake and daily cigarette smoking through questionnaire in 310 male workers aged 20 to 39, in Ulsan area. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In the factors being able to influence serum lipids level there was negative correlation between age and alcohol intake, and the positive correlation between age and relative weight, alcohol intake and relative weight, alcohol intake and smoking with the strongest correlation between alcohol intake and smoking. 2. In univariate analysis, mean total cholesterol concentration were significantly different according to age, smoking and relative weight: mean triglyceride concentration were significantly different according to relative weight only; mean HCL-C concentration were significantly different according to alcohol intake alone. 3. In non-drinkers, HDL-C concentration of smokers were significantly lower than that of non-smokers but triglyceride concentration of smokers were significant higher. And in drinkers, total cholesterol concentration of smokers was significantly higher than that of non-smokers. 4. In multiple regression analysis, significant independent variables were relative weight, age and smoking in the total cholesterol concentration, and relative weight, age and alcohol intake in the triglyceride concentration, and alcohol intake, relative weight and smoking in the HDL-C concentration. By these independent variables, total variation in each dependent variable was explained 7.9%, 17.6% and 7.4% respectively.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1698-1705
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• 2020

나이가 20-25세인 남녀 성인들 20명(남성 5명, 여성 15명)의 엄지손가락 표면에 상재하는 세균을 채취하고 Luria-Bertani agar에서 배양하였다. 배양된 세균들의 16S rDNA를 polymerase chain reaction을 통하여 증폭하고, 그 염기서열을 분석하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 염기서열을 genbank의 자료들과 비교하여 세균들을 동정한 결과, 총 14종의 세균들이 확인되었다. 개인별로는 평균 2.5종의 배양 가능한 세균들을 손의 피부에 보유하는 것으로 확인되었다. 확인된 세균 중에서는 Staphylococcus 종들이 가장 널리 존재하고 있었으며, 다음으로는 Micrococcus luteus이었다. Staphylococcus 종들의 경우에는 그 분포에 있어서 성별에 따른 차이가 적었으나, Micrococcus luteus의 경우에는 남자보다 여자에게서 훨씬 더 많이 분리되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 피부 질환에 대한 연구, 피부질환에 대한 치료제 개발, 피부에 사용하는 화장품개발 등의 분야에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.