• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.171-185
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• 2017

${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid biosynthesized through decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is believed to play a role in defense against stress in plants. In humans, it is known as one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, exerting anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects. In this report, we wanted to enhance the GABA production from the barley leaf and corn silk by culturing them with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The barley leaf and corn silk were mixed with various weight combinations and were fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum in an incubator at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. After extracting the fermented mixture with hot water, we evaluated the GABA production by thin layer chromatography and GABase assay. We found that the fermented mixture of the barley leaf and corn silk in a nine to one ratio contained a higher level of GABA than other ratios, meaning that the intermixture and fermentation technique was effective in increasing the GABA content. We also tested several biological activities of the fermented extracts and found that the extracts of the fermented mixture showed improved antioxidant activities than the non-fermented extracts and no indication of cytotoxicity. These results suggest that our approach on combining the barley leaf and corn silk and its fermentation with LAB could lead to the possibility of the development of functional foods with high levels of GABA content and improved biological activities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.465-468
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• 2006

Even though many pesticides are known for barley powdery mildew and wheat leaf rust, alternative controls are necessary, because of consumer rejection of chemical pesticides and the appearance of fungi resistant to fungicides. To discover biopesticides, many broths of microorganisms were screened. Of those, a culture broth of Burkholderia ambifaria showed an excellent antifungal activity against both Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia recondita, which cause barley powdery mildew and wheat leaf rust, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 1998

This study was conducted to determine the morphological responses of barley seedlings to NaCl stress and to investigate histological changes of cells with transmission electron microscope(TEM) after NaCl stress. Plant height and root length of 10-day old barley seedlings with NaCl stress were reduced and inhibition level was found to be more severe in the plant height than in the root length. The leaf length, leaf width and leaf area were shorter as well with NaCl stress than without NaCl stress. However, there was no difference in the number of roots between NaCl treatments. The weight of dry matter decreased at higher NaCl concentrations, especially at 100mM NaCl. The water content of shoots tend to decrease at higher NaCl concentrations, but there was no difference in the water content of roots, The reduced sugar content was greatly increase than starch. Cellulose content was higher in NaCl stressed-plant than control, and tended to decreased at higher NaCl concentrations. Lignin content also decreased NaCl stressed-plant but there was no tendency at NaCl stress concentrations. Electric conductivity of cell sap with seedlings was high with NaCl stressed-plant. Amount of cell sap gradually increased with time in the roots than in the shoots, The grana of chloroplasts was changed by 150mM NaCl concentration. The christe of mitochondria in root meristematic sells ruined in structure and cell wall of leaf and root was also ruined by NaCl stress.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.449-457
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• 1993

Three naked and three malting barley cultivars were grown at constant temperatures of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28$^{\circ}C$, and day/night temperatures of 6/2, 10/6, 14/10, 18/14, 22/18, 26/22 and 30/26$^{\circ}C$ through the fourth leaf stage in growth chambers to determine the effects of the temperature on leaf emergence rate and phyllochron in naked and malting barley seedlings. The number of leaves per main stem was recorded daily from the first leaf stage to the fourth. At a given temperature, the emergence of new leaves was a linear function of time for all cultivars. There were no great differences in leaf emergence rate and phyllochron between constant and variable day/night temperature regimes except at 28$^{\circ}C$. Leaf emergence rate and phyllochron significantly differed among cultivars and among mean temperatures within cultivars. For all cultivars, leaf emergence rate per day increased parabolically with increasing mean air temperature until an optimum temperature was reached and then declined. There were no differences in the optimum temperatures for the leaf emergence rate per day among six cultivars, which ranged 20.1 to 21.5$^{\circ}C$. The leaf emergence rates at the optimum temperatures ranged 0.202 to 0.226 leaves / day for naked barley cultivars and 0.231 to 0.241 leaves / day for malting barley cultivars. As temperature increased, leaf emergence rate per GDD decreased exponentially and the phyllochron (GDD/leaf) increased exponentially. The mean of the phyllochron for six cultivars was 46.2 GDD at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 129.3 GDD at 28$^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the temperature and cultivar effects must be considered for prediction of leaf development in barley.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.4 s.33
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• pp.209-210
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• 1977

Early in the growing season of 1976, rain and cool weather favored the blighting of leaves of young plants of barley by Fusarium nivale. The fungus was recovered in culture from infected foliage, and the perithecia of Calonectria nivalis were demonstrated to be present as well as the Fusarium state. On 22 April 1976, in Suweon, plants pulled at random revealed stem lesions from which F. nivale was cultured. On S May 1976 near Kwangju. Perithecia were found embedded within leaf sheaths and blades of mature wheat and barley plants. It was evident in the 1976, 1977 season that Fusarium(Calonectria) nivale was common but unrecognized as an early season pathogen of barley in Korea. The probable source of primary inoculum was the infected refuse from the previous season's barlry and wheat crops. Stem lesions caused by this fungus were considered to he detrimental to the maximum yield of barley or wheat.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.851-862
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition and antioxidative activities of young barley leaf(YBL). YBL powder(all w/w) was 2.98% moisture, 17.13% crude protein, 4.00% crude fat, 10.72% crude ash, and 65.17% carbohydrate. The contents of total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber were $36.62{\pm}2.33$, $19.05{\pm}1.04$, and $17.57{\pm}1.01g/100g$, respectively. The essential and non-essential amino acids contained in the YBL powder accounted for 46.56% and 53.44% of the total amino acids, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acid was linolenic acid. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was 4.84. Only tartaric acid was detected. The contents of vitamins A, C, and E were 0.761, 398.05, and 0.936 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of YBL powder were in the order of Na$IC_{50}$ value for the DPPH radical scavenging of the YBL ethanol extract was $365.74{\pm}6.98mg/mL$. The antioxidative index was high and was similar to that of t-butylated hydroxytouene. These results suggest that YBL can be recommended as a baby vegetable of high nutritional quality and antioxidative properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.471-474
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• 1994

Growing barley leaves with $20{\sim}50cm$ length were analyzed for chemical constituents including moisture, crude fiber, protein, fat, ash, free sugars, free amino acids, chlorophylls, vitamin C and minerals. During the growth of barley leaves, moisture content decreased, while crude fiber gradually increased. Protein, fat and ash contents of barley leaves remained relatively unchanged. Chlorophyll content increased to a maximum value at the leaf length of 20 cm, and then declined. Minerals of barley leaves were abundant in the following order of K>Ca>P>Na>Mg. Vitamin C content, showing the similar trend to chlorophyll, was the highest at the leaf length of 20 cm. Major free sugars present in growing barley leaves were identified as glucose, fructose and sucrose. All the free sugars reached their maximum values at 20 cm and they were reduced thereafter. Total amount of free amino acids varied from 803 mg% at the Barley stage of l0 cm to 1038 mg% at the later stage of 50 cm. Changes in content for each amino acid were variable to some extent.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.431-434
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• 1995

Chemical composition of barley leaves of four varieties (Olbori, Suwon 298, Suwon 311 and Milyang 60) grown under the same environmental conditions at the same location was investigated. Barley leaf samples were collected on two weeks before heading period. The barley leaves contained $25{\sim}29%$ crude protein, $9.3{\sim}9.9%$ crude lipid, $9.3{\sim}11.2%$ ash, $1.3{\sim}1.8%$ ${\beta}$-glucan on dry matter basis. Chlorophyll contents of Olbori, Suwon 298, Suwon 311 and Milyang 60 were 951 mg%, 885 mg%, 866 mg%, 826 mg%, respectively. Mineral contents of barley leaves were not significantly different each other and potassium content was found to be the highest among all the minerals observed. Vitamin C contents of Olbori, Suwon 298, Suwon 311 and Milyang 60 were 328 mg%, 266 mg%, 278 mg% and 269 mg%, respectively. Free sugar contents of barley leaves were somewhat different and the glucose content was the highest among the free sugars, ranging from 5.70% to 8.35%. Besides glucose, fructose, sucrose and raffinose contents were also relatively higher than the other free sugars. In other oligosaccharides, 1-kestose($GF_2$) content was between 0.26% and 0.39% and a slight amount of 1-nystose($GF_3$) was also detected. Although aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine were relatively higher content than the other free amino acids, the values were not consistent in different varieties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1977

The varietal differences of protein content in barley grain and its variation under different cultural conditions were studied. The varietal variation of protein content was significant with the range of 8～18%. The protein content of barley grain were increased by heavier nitrogen application and decreased by shading treatment and drill seeding. There was negative correlation between protein content and grain weight in hulled barley, while positive correlation between nitrogen content of plant and leaf at heading stage and protein content of barley grain was significant in Haganemugi and Buheung.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.290-294
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Barley sprouts contain a large number of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, saponarin, and policosanols. The synthesis of such secondary metabolites occurs as a defense mechanism against external environmental stresses. In particular, it has been widely known that drought stress (DS) increases the content of flavonoids in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress treatment on the saponarin content in barley sprouts during the growing period. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, changes in saponarin content with different DS exposure periods and times were evaluated under the hydroponic system. For establishing different DS treatment periods, water supply was stopped for 1, 2, and 3 days, once leaf length was at 10 cm. To control different DS treatment times, water supply was stopped for 2 days, once leaf lengths were 5, 10, and 15 cm. As a result, the water potential of barley sprouts decreased from -0.8 MPa (before DS treatment) to -1.2, -2.4, and -3.2 MPa (after DS treatment), and reversely recovered to -0.8 MPa after re-irrigation. When 10 cm leaves were subjected to DS for 1 and 2 days, the saponarin content increased by 12 and 10%, respectively, while it increased by 19% when DS was applied to the 5 cm leaves. CONCLUSION(S): The results of this study suggest that drought stress at the early stage of growth (5 cm) is most helpful to increase the saponarin content of barley sprouts.