• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 1969

쌀 저장중 곤충과 미생물에 의한 손실을 방지하기 위하여 팔달, 농광 두 품종을 현미와 백미로 도정하고 Polyethylene bag에 포장후 6-400K rad 의 $Co^{60}$${\gamma}$선을 조사하여 8개월간 실온에 저장하면서 곤충, 미생물의 발생상태와 방사선조사에 의한 쌀중 수분과 Amylose, Reducing Sugar, Rancidity 의 변화를 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1)Polyethylene bag에 저장된 쌀은 대조구도 곤충의 발생이 없었으나 가마니에 저장된 것은 5월달부터 곤충이 발생되었다. 2)400K rad 조사로는 쌀중 Yeast와 곰팡이의 살균에 부족하였고 Yeast는 쌀 표면에, 곰팡이는 균사가 쌀 입자에 깊이 뿌리박고 있었다, 3) 저장중 쌀의 수분은 방사선의 영향을 받지 않았다. 4) 선량증가와 저장기간에 따라 전분중 Amylose의 함량은 증가하는 경향이 있다. 5) Free reducing Sugar의 함량은 방사선에 의해 영향을 받지 않았고 저장중 감소하였다. 6) Rancidity는 선량과 저장기간에 따라 증가하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1101-1106
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• 2012

Market fresh makgeolli was stored at different temperatures of $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ to assess the change of the microbial diversity according to the storage temperature and period. Yeast counts increased until day 3 of storage and decreased thereafter. General and lactic acid bacterial counts continuously increased during storage. The data indicated that the control of growth of microorganisms, particularly general bacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), is essential. Total acid levels started to decrease in the makgeolli stored at $4^{\circ}C$, and increased from day 6 of storage in the makgeolli stored at $25^{\circ}C$. The increase of total acid in the non-refrigerated condition greatly affected the quality of makgeolli. In both the fresh makgeolli samples stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and molds (Aspergillus tubingensis, Candida glaebosa, and Aspergillus niger) were noted. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns were almost constant regardless of the storage period. As for bacteria, Lactobacillus crustorum, L. brevis, and Microlaena stipoides were found in the makgeolli stored at $4^{\circ}C$, and L. crustorum, Lactobacillus sp., L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. rhamnosus, and L. similis were found in the makgeolli stored at $25^{\circ}C$. In particular, in the makgeolli stored at $25^{\circ}C$, L. crustorum and L. plantarum presented dark bands and were identified as the primary microorganisms that affected spoilage of fresh makgeolli.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.178-184
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• 1996

Dryfilm method by using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ has been examined to replace conventional agar method for isolation of microorganisms from foods. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate suitability of dryfilm method as a microbial isolation method and to determine the effect of antimicrobial agent on dryfilm for isolation of microorganisms from foods. Five different foods, milk, ground beef, fishery surimi, Takju and wheat flour were used to isolate the natural microflora in foods and the inoculated Escheri chia coli. Standard method agar (SMA, Difco) and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ aerobic count (PAC, 3M) were used to isolate total microorganisms from foods. Violet red bile agar (VRBA), brilliant green lactose bile (BGLB) broth and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ coliform count (PCC, 3M) were used to isolate coliforms from foods. E. coli broth (EC broth) and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ E. coli count (PEC, 3M) were used to isolate E. coli from foods. Acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and Petrifilm$^{TM}$ yeast & mold count (PYMC, 3M) were used to isolate yeasts and molds from foods. Total aerobic plate counts isolated from five different foods by SMA and PAC (3M) were riot significantly different each other at P<0.05 level and were highly correlated each other ($\geq$0.96). Mugwort extract as an antimicrobial agent did not affect microbial enumeratiion of Dryfilm. Significantly higher number of coliform colonies were formed on VRBA than PCC (3M) from ground beef, but they were not significantly different in coliform colonies from milk samples. PCC (3M) and BGLB were not significantly different for enumeration of coliforms in milk and beef samples. Significantly higher number of E. coli were isolated by EC broth than PEC from ground beef, but these were not significontly different for enumeration of E. coli from milk. Yeast and mold counts isolated from Takju and wheat flour by APDA and PYMC (3M) were not significantly different at P<0.05 level. These data indicate that dryfilm method by using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ can be successively used as an alternative to conventional agar method for enumeration of microorganisms in various foods.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2015

CSW-LO 코팅액으로 코팅된 '홍로' 사과의 저장 중 미생물 수 및 품질 변화를 측정한 결과 대조구와 코팅된 사과의 총 호기성 세균과 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 또한 처리구의 경도, 중량감소, 비타민 C 함량은 저장 중 대조구에 비해 더 낮은 감소를 보였다. 따라서 CSW-LO 코팅은 '홍로' 사과의 저장 중 미생물학적 안전성과 품질유지에 효과적인 수확 후 처리라고 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2000

Bacillus cereus BS229 was identified as a bacteriocin producer with a bactericidal activity against Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Thomsoni BR-40. Bacillus cereus BS229 and cerein BS229, named tentatively as the bacteriocin produced by Bacillus cereus BS229, showed a narrow spectrum of actibity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, along with yeast and molds. Production of cerein BS229 in a 5-1 fermenter followed typical kinetics of primary metabolite synthesis. The antibacterial activity of cerein BS229 on sensitive indicator cells disappeared completely by ${\alpha}-chmotrypsin$ or proteinase K, which indicates its proteinaceous nature. Cerein BS229 seemed to be very stable throughout the pH range of 2.0 of 9.0 and it was relatively heat labile, despite the fact that bacteriocin activity was still detected after being boied for 30min. Cerein BS229 actibity has been changed with some of the organic solvents such as toluene, ethanol, and chloroform. Direct detection of cerein BS229 actibity on SDS-PAGE suggested that it had an apparent molecular mass of about 8.2 kDa.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 1998

미세 조류의 항균성 탐색을 위해 베를린 공대 생물공학 연구실에서 좀 균주을 분양받아 독일 현지 연구실에서 연구를 행하였다. 6종의 미세 조류로부터 항균성 시험 시료응 획득하기위해 먼저 배양데 따른 미세 죠류 배양액의 변화를 pH와 균제량으로 관찰하였고, 이를 토대로 시험 시료를 대주중식기와 정기기 두 구간으로 나누어 채취하였다. 얻어진 시료를 균체와 균체 상층액으로 분리하여 각족 용매를 이용하여 분획을 행하여 4-7종의 획분들 얻었거 이들이 가지는 항균 활성을 시험하였다. BGA(blue green algae) 4종류 중에서 Lsp(lyngbya sp.)와 Tsp(Tetraselmis sp.)에서 항균활성이 관측되었는데, 특히 균체외 상층액의 dthyl acetate 추출 획분이 서균과 특히 곰팡이에 대해 강력한 항균 활성이 있는 것으로 확인되었고, 그뢰 2종의 BGA 와 2종의 규조류(diatoms)에서는 항균 활성 획분이 확인되지 않았다.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2002

Packaged Backsulgi cooked by steam/convection oven and then rapidly chilled was examined by research of microbiological test and sensory evaluation while storing them at the temperatures of 3$^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 4, 6, 10 days . The pH and reducing sugar content were seemed to change little at 3$^{\circ}C$. However the pH was rapidly reduced until 4 days and then decreased a little at 3$0^{\circ}C$, the reducing sugar content was inclosed little by little. In the microbiological test, any microbial growth in total aerobic, psychrophilic, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria, yeast and molds was not observed until 10 days at 3$^{\circ}C$, but microbial changes of aerobic, psychrophilic and anaerobic bacteria increased to 6 logCFU/g until 10 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. However microbial changes of them decreased from 6 logCFU/g to 5 logCFU/g. As a result of the sensory evaluation, appearance, taste, color, softness, chewiness and overall Quality were significantly decreased during storage times(p<0.05), but scores of taste and overall quality on 6th days were 7.38${\pm}$1.06, 7.00${\pm}$0.93. Therefore we concluded that there was no problem about stability of storage 6 days at 3$^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.271-278
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• 1999

We isolated activnmycetes LAM-98-80 as strain producing an effective antibiotic for cephalosporin re-sistant pathogenic PSeudomonas sp. and identified as Streptomyces sp. LAM-98-80 from cultural and phyisological characteristics. We investigated the optimal culture conditions for producation of an anti-biotic becoming effective for cephalsporin-resistant pathogenic Pseudomonas sp. It was found that 1.5% soluble starch and 1.0% yeast extract were good as carbon and nitrogen source respectively. The pro-duction of antibiotic was also activated by 0.04% Mn2+ as 80% degree. The optimum initial pH on pro-ductio of antibiotic was pH 7.0. The culture condition for the maximal productivity of the antibiotic was at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The cephalosporin-resistant pathogenic Pseudomonas sp. as test bacteria was rev-ealed to resist antibiotic of cepha families but revealed to not resist those of $\beta$-lactam families ampicil-lin and amoxicillin. Parital purified antibiotic was stable for the pH from 3 to 9 and was also stable when treated at 70 $^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, This antbiotic was effective against all gram positive and negative bac-teria but was not effective against molds and yeasts.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1337-1340
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial safety of raw beef used to produce Korean beef jerky, The raw beef samples harbored large populations of microorganisms. In particular, psychrophilic bacteria were found to be most numerous ($9.2{\times}10^3-1.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$) in the samples. Mesophilic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria were present in average numbers ($10^3-10^5\;CFU/g$). Spore-forming bacteria and coliforms were not detected below detection limit. Yeast and molds were detected at $2.2{\times}10^1-7.8{\times}10^2\;CFU/g$ in the raw beef. Ten samples of raw beef were analyzed for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Bacillus cereus was isolated from sample B, G, and H. The B. cereus isolates from raw beef samples were identified with 99.8% agreement according to the API CHB 50 kit.