• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1929-1941
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• 2014

Now a days, frequency of abnormally high temperatures like heat wave by global warming and climate change is increasing constantly and the number of patient with heat related illness are jumping rapidly. In this study, we chose the case day for the heat wave in Busan area(Busan and Yangsan), 2013 which it was the most hottest year during 21th century. And then, we analysed the weather condition using automatic synoptic observing system(ASOS) data. Also, four indices, heat index(HI), wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT), Man-ENvironment heat EXchange model(MENEX)'s results like Physiological subjective temperature(PST), Physiological strain(PhS), were calculated to evaluate the thermal comfort and stress quantitatively. However, thermal comfort was different as the each station and thermal comfort index during same time. Busan's thermal indices (HI: hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: very hot) indicated relatively higher than Yansan's (HI: very hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: sweltering). It shows that Busan near coast is relatively more comfortable than Yangsan located in inland.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.1318-1326
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• 2008

This paper proposes an alternative methodology for deciding an optimum deterministic reliability level (IRR; Installed Reserve Rate) by using probabilistic reliability criterion (LOLE; Loss of Load Expectation). Additionally, case studies using the proposed method induce the characteristics of relationship between the probabilistic reliability index (LOLE) and deterministic reliability index (IRR) for 2008 and 2010 years in Korea power system. The case study presents a possibility that an optimum IRR level in Korea can be assessed using the proposed method. Korea power system has been using the LOLE criterion to determine the adequacy of installed capacity (ICAP) requirement. The criterion in Korea is that the loss of load expectation shall not exceed the available capacity more than five day in ten years (=0.5[days/year]), The probabilistic reliability evaluation and production cost simulation program which is called PRASim is used in order to evaluate the relationship and optimum IRR in this paper.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.477-487
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• 1993

To investigate phenological differences among species, and relationship between phenology and air temperatures, we surveyed foliation and flowering times of several woody plants in two temperate forests, Namhansansung and Taegwallyong area, for three years, 1991, 1992 and 1993. In Namhansansung area, the leaves of Quercus mor~golica, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Prunus levezlleana and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa expanded in the early season(about 10 April), and those of Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata and Maackia amurensis in the late season(about 5 May). The foliation time of the earliest species(Rhododendron mucronulatum) was 27 days earlier than thzt of the latest(Maackia amurensis, Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata). In Taegwallyong area, the leaves of Staphylea bumalda and Rhamnus yoshinoi foliated on 25 April and those of Rhus verniciflua and Fraxinus rhynchophylla on 25 May. The annual mean air temperature of Narnhansansung area was $5.5^{\circ}C$ higher than that of Taegwallyong area. Foliation times of the same species were earlier in the former: the differences between two areas were 8~24 day among species. In contrast, flowering times of the same species were 0~22 days earlier in the former. It is concluded that the budding time of leaves was related to year day index(YDI), and foliation time of leaves was related to Nuttonson's index(Tn).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.592-603
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• 2001

Seasonal variations of nutrient intake ware evaluated through a 3-day dietary records in 196 Korean adolescents(86 males, 108 females) aged 13 - 15 years and living in urban and rural areas of Chungnam. The seasonal differences of nutrient intake were tested by repealed measure ANOVA. Comparing nutrient intakes among flour seasons using repealed measure ANOVA, mean values of daily intakes were higher in winter and autumn for most nutrients, and were the lowest in summer in the urban areas and in spring in rural areas. Girls recieved the largest amount of nutrients, except Ca and vitamin $B_12$, in winter and the lowest amount in summer, while in boys significant differences were not observed among the four seasons for meet nutrients, except fats, Mg, and vitamin E. Interestingly, the seasonal differences for many nutrients were more evident in rural areas than in urban areas. Vitamin A intake in urban areas was higher in winter and spring, while in rural oreas, in summer. Mean values of daily intakes as a percent of the RDA throughout the year in boys and girls ware 82.2% and 84.2% for energy and 88.9% and 82.7% for protein, respectively. Ca and vitamin A intakes were as low as 32.4% and 24.2% of the RDA in boys and 39.7% and 30.6% in girls. Intakes of Fe, Zn, folic acid and vitamin B$_{12}$ ranged from 40 - 60% of the RDA. The nutrients which showed the largest seasonal difference in the percent of RDA were vitamin E in boys and vitamin C, vitamin E, and Fe in girls. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) for Fe was significantly lower in autumn in both genders. The INQ for vitamin C in girls of both areas was much higher in winter. Annual mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality, ranged from 0.57 - 0.69, which was higher in winter than in other seasons. Conclusively, nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents showed seasonal variations, particularly in girls and in rural area. Thus, seasonal variations should be considered in the assessing nutritional status, particularly ill the rural areas of Korea.a.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2019

In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the annual reproductive cycle of a Korean flat bittering, Acheilognathus rhombeus, from Ogok-myeon located in Seomjin River. The reproductive cycle was examined histologically regarding water temperature and day length of the habitat, the gonadosomatic index (GSI), and developmental characteristics of female and male gonads. The maximum GSI was found to be 3.50±0.53 and 1.36±0.14 for females and males, respectively, when the water temperature and day light was 16.9℃ and 11.3 hours, respectively in October 2018. On the other hand, the minimum GSI was found to be 0.16±0.09 and 0.69±0.15 for males and females in December 2018 and February 2019, respectively. The ovipositor of females appeared from August to November 2018. We compared and calculated the stages of germ cell developmental characteristics in the testis and ovaries to determine the reproductive cycle. According to the result, we classified the female A. rhombeus reproductive cycle into four phases, which are ripe and spawning phase (October), degenerative phase (November to December), growing phase (January to March) and mature phase (April to September). The annual reproductive cycle of male A. rhombeus was categorized into four phases: mature phase (June to October), degenerative phase (November to March), resting phase (April) and growing phase (May). The Korean flat bittering is an autumn-spawner as the main spawning season in October. In male, testicular spermatogonia appeared all year-round, and the ripe and releasing phase, which is characteristics of the spawning season in other fish, did not appear.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.441-449
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• 1998

For the purpose of knowing oral status of handicapped persons and surveying correlative factors, authors interviewed and inspected 259 persons (cerebral palsy 143, mental retardation 101, Down's syndrome 15) from six year to thirty years old in Kwangju. The results were as follows. 1. The dmf rate and dft index of handicapped persons according to age were lower than that of report of normal persons. 2. The DMF rate and DMFT index of handicapped persons increased with age and were similar to or lower than that of report of normal persons by the age of twenty, but were higher after that age. There was no significant difference between handicaps in DMFT rate. 3. Percentage of toothbrushing by himself or herself was 74% in mental retardation, 69% in Down's syndrome, and 48% in cerebral palsy and the frequency of toothbrushing per day of mental retardation, Down's syndrome was higher than that of cerebral palsy. The frequency of toothbrushing per day increased with age. The number of toothbrushing of handicapped persons was slightly higher than that of report of normal persons. 4. Prevalence of gingivitis was 62% in cerebral palsy, 48% in Down's syndrome and 60% in mental retardation. Prevalence of gingivitis increased with age, and was higher than that of report of normal persons. 5. Percentage of tooth anomaly was 15% in Down's syndrome, 8.5% in mental retardation and 4.9% in cerebral palsy. In this study, dental caries of handicapped persons was similar to or lower than that of normal persons and increased with age. The prevalence of gingivitis was much higher in handicapped persons. Subject or frequency of toothbrushing had no influence on the dental caries and gingivitis, education of oral health and system are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.188-201
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pregnancy and parity on bone marrow density using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) after parturition Methods : The observation cases who was over 20 and under 35 years old just after childbirth were admitted twice to woosuk university hospital from Aug 2000 to July 2005. During the first admission period, we measured the bone marrow density(BMD) using DXA in 13th day, and when the patient came to the hospital just after childbirth again, we followed up the BMD in 13th day. The evaluation index of this report was comparison of the T-score which was about the lumbar spine(L1-L4) BMD and femur neck BMD. Results : The continuous parturition was increased the lumbar spine BMD(P<<0.05), and decreased the femur neck BMD but it had no meaning. In the cases of the parturition interval under 24 months regarded as siblings born within a year of each other, the analysis results of BMD showed increase in lumbar spine BMD. In the cases of the parturition interval over 24 months, there was increased in lumbar BMD, and decreased in femur neck BMD. To the analysis of the weight variation, the increased BMI group has a significant increase in lumbar spine BMD, and the decreased BMI group also increase in lumbar spine BMD but there was no meaning about that. Conclusion : The continuous parturition was increased the lumbar spine BMD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.334-340
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic components of daily milk yield and to re-rank bulls in South Korea by estimated breeding value (EBV) under heat stress using the temperature-humidity index (THI). Methods: This study was conducted using 125,312 monthly test-day records, collected from January 2000 to February 2017 for 19,889 Holstein cows from 647 farms in South Korea. Milk production data were collected from two agencies, the Dairy Cattle Genetic Improvement Center and the Korea Animal Improvement Association, and meteorological data were obtained from 41 regional weather stations using the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) installed throughout South Korea. A random regression model using the THI was applied to estimate genetic parameters of heat tolerance based on the test-day records. The model included herd-year-season, calving age, and days-in-milk as fixed effects, as well as heat tolerance as an additive genetic effect, permanent environmental effect, and direct additive and permanent environmental effect. Results: Below the THI threshold (${\leq}72$; no heat stress), the variance in heat tolerance was zero. However, the heat tolerance variance began to increase as THI exceeded the threshold. The covariance between the genetic additive effect and the heat tolerance effect was -0.33. Heritability estimates of milk yield ranged from 0.111 to 0.176 (average: 0.128). Heritability decreased slightly as THI increased, and began to increase at a THI of 79. The predicted bull EBV ranking varied with THI. Conclusion: We conclude that genetic evaluation using the THI function could be useful for selecting bulls for heat tolerance in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.216-221
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• 2013

Histological study and gonadosomatic index (GSI) to investigate an exact reproductive cycle of Korean loach Kichulchoia multifasciata, were conducted throughout a year from December 2011 to December 2012. The stage of ovarian and testicular development was divided into four phases: a growing phase (November to March the following year), a spawning phase (April~May), a degeneration phase (May~June), a resting phase (June to November). The peak of the spawning period in male and female appears between April to May, having water temperature $12.7^{\circ}C$ and day length over 13 hours. These results were consistent well with a histological study.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2023

Background: Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ASD) is caused by the involuntary contraction of laryngeal muscles due to dystonia localized to the larynx. In the case of ASD, conventional treatment is mainly performed with a botulinum toxin injection. However, the botulinum toxin injection has a short-lasting effect and requires repeated injections. Alternatives are needed due to concerns over adverse effects, such as general weakness and airway aspiration caused by the botulinum toxin injection. Case report: A 46-year-old female patient with ASD complained of voice tremor and hoarseness. The combined Korean medical treatments-Ukgan-san-gami, Jakyakgamcho-tang, acupuncture, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)-were administered on the first day the patient was hospitalized. The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was evaluated during the treatment. The VHI taken on the second day totaled 92 points. On the ninth day, 81 points were recorded. Total score gradually improved, and on the 16th day, 62 points were recorded. Combined Korean medical treatment lasted 19 days. Conclusion: The present case report suggests that a combined Korean medical treatment approach with Ukgan-san-gami, Jakyakgamcho-tang, acupuncture, and TENS might be effective for symptoms such as voice tremors and hoarseness. Combined Korean medical treatment can be a therapeutic option for patients with ASD.