• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue response in various bone grafting materials, especially xenogenous bone materials in vivo, compare of bone formation capacity of various bone grafting materials on rat skull defects and evaluate the effect of Hyaluronic acid on healing of human Demineralized Freezed Dried Bone allogenous graft (DFDBA) materials in rat calvarial defects. 30 Sprague-Dawly rats were divided into 4 groups. $7{\times}7mm$ size bony defect were artificially prepared in the calvaria (both parietal bone) of all 30 rats and follwed group grafting of autogenous bone graft on right side and allogenic DFDBA on left side bone graft (rat DFDB) in 15 control group, but in 15 experimental group, xenograft (human DFDB) on left side, hyaluronic acid treated with xenograft on right side. Sequential sacrifices was performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks of experiment. These specimens were stained with H&E and MT stain, and then histologic analysis under light microscope was carried out. There were inflammatory reaction in all graft material during early stage. Autogenous and Allogenous DFDBA graft group observed inflammatory reaction at 1 week. Xenograft group persistant inflammatory reaction until 4 weeks, but in HA treated xenograft group inflammatory reaction was decreased at 2 weeks. Osteoblastic activity in control group was begun at 2 week, xenograft group was delayed at 6 weeks, however HA treated xenograft group was begun at 4 weeks. At 2 week, mild osteoclastic activity were observed in all xenograft group not in concerned to HA, but there was no difference each group after 4 weeks. There are most activated angiogenesis around graft mateirals in xenograft group at 2 weeks, but in HA treated xenograft group, decreased angiogenesis was observed at same time. Bone formation and bone maturation of xenograft group, there was no difference in HA treatment, was less than control group. Fibrosis around xenograft materials were observed until 6 weeks, there was no difference between xenograft and HA treated groups.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1999

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acceptability of the collagen-based xenograft ($Laddec^{(R)}$). Full thickness bone defects were prepared in the calvaria of the rats. In the experimental groups the bone defects were filled with a kind of collagen based xenograft. And bone defects, which left without filling, were used as control groups. Sequential sacrifice was performed at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 16th weeks of experiment. 1. At the 1st week of experiment, infiltration of chronic inflammatory cell was observed in all groups. In the experimental group, resorption of the xenograft was initiated. 2. At the 2nd week of experiment, infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells was decreased in all groups. In the experimental group, active resorption of xenograft and new bone formation from the periphery of the xenograft was observed. 3. At the 4th and 8th weeks of experiment, more resorption of the xenograft and new bone formation with calcification was observed in the experimental group. 4. At the 16th week of experiment, small bone trabecula was formed partially in the control group but that couldn't fill the whole bone defect. In the experimental group, more advanced resorption of xenograft and more new bone formation was observed. However mid portion of the xenograft was still remained without resorption. 5. From this experiment, we concluded that the collagen-based xenograft had some osteoconductive but no osteoinductive property. So the xenograft would be used for the bone defect filling material where rapid bone remodeling is not required.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2017

Background: Because of the relatively similar size of organs to human and the physiological and structural similarities, the use of porcine as xenograft donors is progressing very actively. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of porcine ear cartilage and evaluated its suitability as graft material in reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Methods: The auricular cartilage was harvested from two pigs, and subjected to histological examination by immunohistochemical staining. To determine the collagen content, samples were treated with collagenase and weight changes were measured. After sterilization by irradiation, the samples were grafted into rats and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson Trichrome to observe inflammation and xenograft rejection. Results: In IHC staining, extracellular matrices were mainly stained with type II collagen (20.69%), keratin sulfate (10.20%), chondroitin sulfate (2.62%), and hyaluronic acid (0.84%). After collagenase treatment, the weight decreased by 68.3%, indicating that about 70% of the porcine ear cartilage was composed of collagen. Upon xenograft of the sterilized cartilages in rats, inflammatory cells were observed for up to 2 months. However, they gradually decreased, and inflammation and reject-response were rarely observed at 5 months. Conclusion: The porcine ear cartilage was covered with perichondrium and cellular constituents were found to be composed of chondrocytes and chondroblasts. In addition, the extracellular matrices were mainly composed of collagen. Upon xenograft of irradiated cartilage into rats, there was no specific inflammatory reaction around the transplanted cartilage. These findings suggest that porcine ear cartilage could be a useful alternative implant material for human cosmetic surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 1986

The Carpentier-Edwards porcine xenograft valve was used in 21 patients at Seoul National University Hospital during the period between 1977 and 1979. Twenty-four Carpentier-Edwards valves were implanted along with 2 others. Three patients died within 30 days of operation, an operative mortality rate of 14.3%. Eighteen early survivors were followed up for a total 67.5 patient-years [mean, 45.0$\pm$32.0 months]. There were 2 late deaths with a linealized late mortality rate of 2.96%/patient-year; one died from cerebral bleeding [1.48% bleeding/patient-year] and the other from prosthetic valve endocarditis [1, 48% endocarditis/patient-year]. There was no case of thromboembolism. Two patients developed mitral regurgitation [2.96% failure/patient-year]. Symptomatic improvement was excellent. The actuarial survival rate and the probability of freedom from overall valve failure were 75.3$\pm$9.6% and 80.7$\pm$12.9% at 9 years after surgery respectively. During the period from October, 1968, through June, 1985, 1, 190 substitute heart valves were used in a total of 967 patients at Seoul National University Hospital; of which, 90.9% were either porcine aortic or bovine pericardial xenograft valves. For the evaluation of the xenograft tissue valves, the consecutive patients with lonescu-Shiley valve in the mitral, aortic and both positions, Angell-Shiley valve and Carpentier-Edwards valve were recently studied on the clinical ground. They were 531 patients, and 643 xenograft valves were used. The operative mortality rate was 6.97% and a linealized late mortality rate 2.94%/patient-year. A total of 490 early survivors were followed up for 917.6 patient-years [mean, 22.5 months], and 70% of patients completed the follow-up. The linealized incidences of complications were: 2.29% emboli/patient-year, 1.98% bleeding/patient-year, 1.20% endocarditis/patient-year, and 3.49% failure/patient-year. These clinical resutls are fully comparable with those in the major reports. The durability of the glutaraldehydepreserved xenograft heart valves remains as a great concern and a continuing debate, expecially for the group of patients in the pediatric age. The need of more durable material for the improved tissue valves was also discussed.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.38
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• pp.16.1-16.9
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• 2016

Background: The association of biomaterial combined with repair factor-like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has prospective values. Bovine-derived xenograft has been identified as an osteoconductive and biocompatible grafting material that provides osseointegration ability. PRP has become a valuable adjunctive agent to promote healing in a lot of dental and oral surgery procedures. However, there are controversies with respect to the regenerative capacity of PRP and the real benefits of its use in bone grafts. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of PRP combined with xenograft for the repair of peri-implant bone defects. Methods: Twelve rabbits were used in this study, and the experimental surgery with implant installation was performed simultaneously. Autologous PRP was prepared before the surgical procedure. An intrabony defect (7.0 mm in diameter and 3.0 mm deep) was created in the tibia of each rabbit; then, 24 titanium dental implants (3.0 mm in diameter and 8.5 mm long) were inserted into these osteotomy sites. Thus, a standardized gap (4.0 mm) was established between the surrounding bony walls and the implant surface. The gaps were treated with either xenograft alone (control group) or xenograft combined with PRP (experimental group). After healing for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks, the rabbits were sacrificed with an overdose of KCl solution. Two rabbits were killed at each time, and the samples including dental implants and surrounding bone were collected and processed for histological analysis. Results: More newly formed bone and a better bone healing process were observed in control group. The histomorphometric analysis revealed that the mean percentage of bone-to-implant contact in the control group was significantly higher than that of the experimental group (25.23 vs. 8.16 %; P < 0.05, independent-simple t test, analysis of variance [ANOVA]). Conclusions: The results indicate that in the addition of PRP to bovine-derived xenograft in the repair of bone defects around the implant, PRP may delay peri-implant bone healing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.388-401
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• 2017

Purpose: The physicochemical properties of a xenograft are very important because they strongly influence the bone regeneration capabilities of the graft material. Even though porcine xenografts have many advantages, only a few porcine xenografts are commercially available, and most of their physicochemical characteristics have yet to be reported. Thus, in this work we aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of a porcine bone grafting material and compare them with those of 2 commercially available bovine xenografts to assess the potential of xenogenic porcine bone graft materials for dental applications. Methods: We used various characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption method, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and others, to compare the physicochemical properties of xenografts of different origins. Results: The porcine bone grafting material had relatively high porosity (78.4%) and a large average specific surface area (SSA; $69.9m^2/g$), with high surface roughness (10-point average roughness, $4.47{\mu}m$) and sub-100-nm hydroxyapatite crystals on the surface. Moreover, this material presented a significant fraction of sub-100-nm pores, with negligible amounts of residual organic substances. Apart from some minor differences, the overall characteristics of the porcine bone grafting material were very similar to those of one of the bovine bone grafting material. However, many of these morphostructural properties were significantly different from the other bovine bone grafting material, which exhibited relatively smooth surface morphology with a porosity of 62.0% and an average SSA of $0.5m^2/g$. Conclusions: Considering that both bovine bone grafting materials have been successfully used in oral surgery applications in the last few decades, this work shows that the porcinederived grafting material possesses most of the key physiochemical characteristics required for its application as a highly efficient xenograft material for bone replacement.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.485-493
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• 2007

Introduction: Although several types of calcium-phosphate coumpound have been frequently applied to osseous defects at maxillofacial area for many years, there is a controversy about its efficiency on bone conductivity comprared to xenograft bone substitute. Alloplastic carbonapatite has been introduced to improve disadvantages of hydroxyapatite and to mimic natural bone containing carbon elements. However, a preclinical study about its efficiency of osteoconductivity has not been reported. This study was performed to evaluate the early osteoconductive potential of synthetic carbonapatite with multiple pores relative to anorganic bovine xenograft. Materials and methods: Total 5 beagle dogs were used for maxillary augmentation model. The control (anorganic bovine xenograft) and experimental groups (synthetic carbonapatite) were randomly distributed in the mouth split design. After bone graft, all animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery. Histological specimens with Masson Trichrome staining were made and histomorphometrically analysed with image analyser. The statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. Results: In both groups, all animals had no complications. The experimental group showed relatively much new bone formation around and along the bone substitutes, whereas it was clearly reduced in the control group. The ratios of new bone area to total area, to material area and to the residual area excluding materials were higher in the experimental group ($0.13{\pm}0.03,\;0.40{\pm}0.13,\;0.20{\pm}0.06$ respectively) than in the control group ($0.01{\pm}0.01,\;0.03{\pm}0.02,\;0.03{\pm}0.03$, respectively). And the differences between both groups were statistically significant (p<0.001, <0.01, <0.01, respectively), while the ratio of material area to total area in two groups was not significant. Conclusion: Carbonapatite showed a high osteoconductivity in the early stage of bone healing compared to bovine derived anorganic bone substitute. This study suggests that this bone materials can be applied as a reliable bone substitute in the clinical treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.325-341
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• 2003

Statement of problem: In cases where bony defects were present, guided bone regenerations have been performed to aid the placement of implants. Nowadays, the accepted concept is to isolate bone from soft tissue by using barrier membranes to allow room for generation of new bone. Nonresorbable membranes have been used extensively since the 1980's. However, this material has exhibited major shortcomings. To overcome these faults, efforts were made to develop resorbable membranes. Guided bone regenerations utilizing resorbable membranes were tried by a number of clinicians. $Bio-Gide^{(R)}$ is such a bioresorbable collagen that is easy to use and has shown fine clinical results. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological results of guided bone regenerations performed using resorbable collagen membrane($Bio-Gide^{(R)}$) with autogenous bone, bovine drived xenograft and combination of the two. Surface morphology and chemical composition was analyzed to understand the physical and chemical characteristics of bioresorbable collagen membrane and their effects on guided bone regeneration. Material and methods: Bioresorbable collagen membrane ($Bio-Gide^{(R)}$), Xenograft Bone(Bio-Oss), Two healthy, adult mongrel dogs were used. Results : 1. Bioresorbable collagen membrane is pure collagen containing large amounts of Glysine, Alanine, Proline and Hydroxyproline. 2. Bioresorbable collagen membrane is a membrane with collagen fibers arranged more loosely and porously compared to the inner surface of canine mucosa: This allows for easier attachment by bone-forming cells. Blood can seep into these spaces between fibers and form clots that help stabilize the membrane. The result is improved healing. 3. Bioresorbable collagen membrane has a bilayered structure: The side to come in contact with soft tissue is smooth and compact. This prevents soft tissue penetration into bony defects. As the side in contact with bone is rough and porous, it serves as a stabilizing structure for bone regeneration by allowing attachment of bone-forming cells. 4. Regardless of whether a membrane had been used or not, the group with autogenous bone and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ filling showed the greatest amount of bone fill inside a hole, followed by the group with autogenous bone filling, the group with blood and the group with $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ Filling in order. 5. When a membrane was inserted, regardless of the type of bone substitute used, a lesser amount of resorption occurred compared to when a membrane was not inserted. 6. The border between bone substitute and surrounding bone was the most indistinct with the group with autogenous bone filling, followed by the group with autogenous bone and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ filling, the group with blood, and the group with $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ filling. 7. Three months after surgery, $Bio-Gide^{(R)}$ and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ were distinguishable. Conclusion: The best results were obtained with the group with autogenous bone and $Bio-Oss^{(R)}$ filling used in conjunction with a membrane.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.693-703
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• 2003

The present study evaluated the effects of guided tissue regeneration using xenograft material(deproteinated bovine bone powder), with and without Calcium sulfate membrane in beagle dogs. Contralateral fenestration defects (6 ${\times}$ 4 mm) were created 4 mm apical to the buccal alveolar crest of maxillary premolar teeth in 5 beagle dogs. Deproteinated bovine bone powders were implanted into fenestration defect and one randomly covered Calcium sulfate membrane (experimental group). Calcium sulfate membrane was used to provide GTR. Tissue blocks including defects with soft tissues which were harvested following four & eight weeks healing interval, prepared for histo-phathologic analysis. The results of this study were as follows, 1. In control group, at 4 weeks after surgery, new bony trabecular contacted with interstitial tissue and osteocytes lie cell were arranged in new bony trabecule. Bony lamellation was not observed. 2. In control group , at 8 weeks after surgery, scar-like interstitial tissue was filled defect and bony trabecule form lamellation. New bony trabecular was contacted with interstitial tissue but defect was not filled yet. 3. In experimental group, at 4 weeks after surgery, new bony trabecular partially recovered around damaged bone. But new bony trabecule was observed as irregularity and lower density. 4. In experimental group, at 8 weeks after surgery, lamella bone trabecular developed around bone cavity and damaged tissue was replaced with dense interstitial tissue. In conclusion, new bone formation regenerated more in experimental than control groups and there was seen observe more regular bony trabecular in experimental than control groups at 4 weeks after surgery. In control group, at 8 weeks after surgery, the defects was filled with scar-like interstitial tissue but, in experimental group, the defects was connected with new bone. Therefore xenograft material had osteoconduction but could not fill the defects. We thought that the effective regeneration of periodontal tissue, could be achieved using GTR with Calcium sulfate membrane.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.225-228
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• 2011

This study evaluated the mineral crystalline structure of an autogenous tooth bone graft material. The crystalline structures of the autogenous tooth bone graft material enamel (AutoBT E+), dentin (AutoBT D+), xenograft (BioOss), alloplastic material (MBCP), allograft (ICB) and autogenous mandibular cortical bone were compared using XRD. The XRD pattern of AutoBT dentin and ICB was similar to that of autogenous bone.