• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.647-658
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• 1993

The susceptibilities of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to active oxygen generated by xanthine-xanthine oxidase (XOD) system were studied. Incubation of AldDH with 2$\times$10$^{-3}$ units of XOD for 30 min at $25^{\circ}C$ resulted in the decrease of enzyme activity to 30% and it was inactivated completely when incubated with 5$\times$10$^{-3}$ units of XOD. Whereas 70% of ADH activity was retained after exposure to 5$\times$10$^{-3}$ units of XOD for 30 min, 40% of ADH activity was retained after exposure to 5$\times$10$^{-2}$ unit of XOD for 30 min. This inhibition effect by the active oxygen was preventable by catalase and glutathione, but not by SOD. The rates of the NADPH-dependent oxygen consumption by the liver S-9 mixture and microsomes were also determined in this study. Rate of oxygen consumption is increased in the liver S-9 mix and microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rat, and it was consistent with increased lipid peroxidation. In the presense of ethanol as a substrate, the oxygen consumption rates were increased. It is reported that hepatic AldDH activity is depressed in alcoholic liver diseases, however there is few report that explains the reason of depressed AldDH activity. These results are supportive of the theory that the increase in hepatic ethanol oxidation through the induced ME activity after chronic ethanol feeding generate oxygen radical at elevated rates and it leads to the depression of AldDH activity.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.132-145
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the toxic effects caused by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX) and the effects of herbal extracts such as Cheongsimyeonjatang(CYT) on the treatment of the toxic effects. For this purpose, experiments with the cultured hippocampal cells from new born mice were done. The results of these experiments were as follows. 1. XO/HX, a oxygen radical-generating system, decreased the survival rates of the cultured cells on MTT assay and NR assay, protein synthesis, and amounts of neurofilaments. 2. CYT have the efficacy of increasing protein synthesis decreased by XO/HX. 3. CYT have the efficacy. of increasing the amount of neurofilaments decreased by XO/HX. From the above results, it is suggested that Cheongsimyeonjatang (CYT) have marked efficacy as a protection for the damages caused by the XO/HX-mediated oxidative stress.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2005

Xuesaitong Ruanjiaonang (XR), a soft capsule containing Panax notoginseng saponins as main ingredients, is believed to remove extravasated blood and increase cerebral blood flow by improving blood circulation, and therefore, has been used in China to treat ischemic stroke or hemiplegia caused by cerebral thrombosis. To characterize pharmacological actions of XR, the present study evaluated its effects on neuronal cell damage induced by various oxidative insults or excitotoxic amino acids in primary cultured rat cortical cells. The neuronal cell viability was not affected by XR with the exposure for 2 h at the concentrations tested in this study ($10{\sim}1000\;{\mu}g/ml$). However, significant reduction of the cell viability was observed when the cultured cells were exposed to XR at $1000\;{\mu}g/ml$ for 24 h. XR was found to concentration-dependently inhibit the oxidative neuronal damage induced by $H_{2}O_2$, xanthine/xanthine oxidase or $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbic acid. In addition, it dramatically inhibited the excitotoxic damage induced by glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). We found that the NMDA-induced neurotoxicity was inhibited more effectively and potently than the glutamate-induced toxicity. Moreover, XR was found to exert mild inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbic acid in rat brain homogenates and some 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of XR, showing inhibition of oxidative and excitotoxic damage in the cultured cortical neurons, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation and its radical scavenging activity. Considering that excitotoxicity and oxidative stress pl ay crucial roles in neuronal cell damage during ischemia and reperfusion, these results may provide pharmacological basis for its clinical usage to treat ischemic stroke.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.726-734
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• 1989

To analyze the components of dense coat fractions associated with fat globule membrane, The membrane was treated with various concentrations of Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent, and the composition of lipids associated to the detergent insoluble material was analyzed. The amount of protein, phospholipid, cholesterol and ganglioside in milk fat globule membrane was reduced consistently with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100. Butyrophilin (band 12), xanthine oxidase (band 3) and band 16 as constituents of insoluble coat materials was revealed after electrophorisis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin were identified as the major phospholipids of the coat materials without selective concentration relative to the original membranes. Percentages of total phospholipid were not changed by any of the treatments. Fatty acids of total lipid were myristate, palmitate, stearate (major saturated acids), oleate and linoleate (major unsaturated acids). Cholesterol contents on a protein basis were slightly reduced with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100. Cholesterol adhered to protein more tightly than other constituents The contents of gangliosides was proportionally refuted with increasing concentration of Triton X-100.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.10-16
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• 2001

To evaluate an effect of circadian variation on the xylene metabolizing enzyme activities, 50% m-xylene in olive oil(0.25 $m\ell$/100g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to the rats every other day for 6 days both in the night; 24:00 and the day; 12:00. Then animals were sacrigiced at 8hr after last injection of m-xylene. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 contents were more increased both in control and xylene treated rats of night phase than those of day phase. But the activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) in control of night phase showed the similar value with that in those of day phase and xylene treated rats of day phase showed an increasing tendency of hepatic ADH activity as those of night phase showing similar activity. Furthermore, control rats of night phase than those of day phase. And by xylene treatment, enzyme activities of rats of day phase were higher tendency in rats of control but those of night phase were somewhat inhibited. Besides, xylene-treated animals of night phase showed increasing tendency of urinary methylhippuric acid concentration compared with those of day phase. On the other hand, liver weight per body weight(%), hepatic lipid peroxide content and serum xanthine oxidase activity were higher in night phase. And the activities of hepatic oxygen free radical metabolizing enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, gluthathione S-transferase, and xylene-treated rats of night phase than those of day phase. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized on the basis of the results that the accumulation rate of m-xylene intermediate metabolite, i.e. m-methylbenzaldehyde in liver tissus may be higher in night phase than in day phase and it may be responsible for higher liver toxicity in bight phase than in day phase.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.94-106
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• 2009

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Wongisaengmaek-san (extracted with water or 50% ethanol) on antioxidative activity and recovery of fatigue induced by weight-loaded forced swimming exercise. Methods : Antioxidant activity of Wongisaengmaek-san was evaluated in terms of total amount of polyphenol, 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhvdroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition. The anti-fatigue effect of Wongisaengmaek-san was investigated using an acute weight-loaded forced swimming test by monitoring swimming test times and blood biochemical parameters creatinine. BUN, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), free fatty acid (FFA) and lactic acid (LA). Results : 1. 50% EE (ethanol extract) had 2.3 times higher amount of total polyphenol compared to water extract. 2. It was identified that 50% ethanol extract showed enhancement of xanthine oxidase inhibition and DPPH scavenging effect in vitro. 3. According to anti-fatigue effect in the scale of 5% weight loaded mouse swimming test, both water and 50% ethanol extract showed significant improvement of swimming time elongation respectively, and 50% ethanol extract induced a more positive result. 4. After swimming for 1% weight-loaded mouse. water extract and 50% ethanol showed significant anti-fatigue effect with manifestation of blood sampling among both of the intervention: 50% ethanol extract showed a greater result. Conclusions : 50% ethanol extract of Wongisaengmaek-san has more effective antioxidant activity and anti-fatigue than water extract.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1031-1036
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• 2003

To certify the protective effect of herbal medicine against oxygen free radical-induced myocardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity was measured using TBARS assay and Beating rate in the presence of Tongryeong-san(TRS) extracts or single constituents of this prescription. Myocardial toxicity was evaluated in neonatal rat myocardiocytes in cultures. In the present study, xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine (XO/HX) resulted in a increase in lipid peroxidation and decreases in beating rate in cultured myocardial cells. In the effect of TRS extract, it showed the prevention from the XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity by the increases of beating rate as well as the decrease of lipid peroxidation, In the protective effect of Faeces Trogopterori(FT), Pollen Typhae(PT), Caulis Akebiae(CA) and Radix Paeoniae Rubra(PRR), all the extracts were significantly effective in the protection of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxocity in cultured myocardial cells by the increase of beating rate as well as th decrease of lipid peroxidation. From these results, they show that XO/HX is cardiotoxic in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal rat, and it suggests that TRS, FT, PT, CA and PRR extracts are positively effective in the blocking in XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.952-957
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• 2003

To certify the protective effect of herbal medicine against oxygen free radical-induced myocardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity was measured using LDH activity and TBARS assay in the presence of Jisilhaebaekgyejitang(JHGT) extracts or single constituents of this prescription, In the present study, xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine (XO/HX) resulted in a cell damage such as increases in LDH activity in culture medium and lipid peroxidation in cultured myocardial cells. In the effect of JHGT extract and its single constituents, which are Fructus Ponciri Seu Aurantii Immaturus (FPSAI), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (CMO), Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (BAM), Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC) and Fructus Trichosanthis (FT), they showed the prevention from the XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity by the decrease of LDH activity and lipid peroxidation. From these results, they show that XO/HX is cardiotoxic in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal rat, and it suggests that JHGT, FPSAI, PT, CMO, BAM, RC and FT extracts are positively effective in the blocking in XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2012

Exposure of cells to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can induce production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cellular components. In addition, these agents can stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and decrease collagen synthesis in human skin cells. In this study, we examined the anti-photoaging effects of extracts of Tetraselmis suecica (W-TS). W-TS showed the strongest scavenging activity against 2,2-difenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxyl radicals, followed by superoxide anions from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. We observed that the levels of both intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation significantly increased in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., glutathione) significantly decreased in cells. However, W-TS pretreatment, at the maximum tested concentration, significantly decreased intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in the cells. At this same concentration, W-TS did not show cytotoxicity. Type 1 procollagen and MMP-1 released were quantified using RT-PCR techniques. The results showed that W-TS protected type 1 procollagen against UVB-induced depletion in fibroblast cells in a dose-dependent manner via inhibition of UVB-induced MMP-1. Taken together, the results of the study suggest that W-TS effectively inhibits UVB-induced photoaging in skin fibroblasts by its strong anti-oxidant ability.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.782-788
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• 2016

To check the possibility of using natural extracts for cosmetic substances, we tested the bioactive effects of 11 crude extracts originating from native plants grown in the Republic of Korea on anti-oxidant and anti-wrinkle activities. When DPPH scavenging activities were measured, the crude extracts of Vitex rotundifolia, Scirpus triangulatus, S. wichurae, S. tabernaemontani, and Aeschynomene indica assays had more than 70% of DPPH scavenging activities at 100 μg/ml concentration. The data from the hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay revealed that the crude extracts from the 10 species, except for Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa, could scavenge more than 90% at 1,000 μg/ml concentration. The crude extract of V. rotundifolia had the highest xanthine oxidase scavenging activity at a 1,000 μg/ml concentration. Based on the four anti-oxidant assays, the crude extracts of V. rotundifolia, S. triangulatus, S. wichurae, S. tabernaemontani, and A. indica were shown to have excellent anti-oxidant capacities overall. In addition to the anti-oxidant capacities, the crude extract from S. wichurae exhibited high collagenase inhibitory activity, therefore, it could be a promising candidate for a cosmetic ingredient with anti-oxidant and anti-wrinkle qualities. The results of this study indicate that many wild plants native to the Korea Peninsula can be used as excellent natural substances for cosmetics based on their bioactive effects.