• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.749-755
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the effects of tube voltage (kVp) and tube current (mAs) on an exposure index (EI) applied to a digital radiography. There used an inverter type digital X-ray generator and an image receptor (IR) utilized a portable wireless detector without a grid. Radiographic images were acquired using a cone pyramid phantom produced using a 3D printer. The X-ray tube voltage was increased from 40 kVp to 120 kVp with 10 kVp increment, and the tube current was increased from 1 mAs to 128 mAs with the twice increment. As a result, kVp had logarithmic relationship with the EI as high $R^2$ value, and mAs had a very high linear relationship too. Also, there was a high correlation between the area dose and the EI of the IR, with the $R^2$ value being 0.76 or more. In conclusion, it had showed that mAs affected the EI linearly, and that it could be advantageous to adjust the easy-to-predict mAs to maintain proper image qualities.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.207.1-207.1
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• 2012

One of the key aspects of the upcoming Ultra-Fast Observatory (UFFO) Pathfinder for Gamma-Ray Bursts(GRBs) identification will be the UFFO Burst Alert & Trigger Telescope(UBAT), based on a novel space telescope technique. The UBAT consists of coded mask, hopper, and detector module(DM). The UBAT DM consists of YSO crystal arrays, multi-anode photo mulipliers, and readout electronics. We will present the design and construction of the UBAT DM, and the response of the UBAT DM to X-ray sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.757-763
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• 2019

Recently, Following the recent development of flat panel detector with wide dynamic ranges, increasing numbers of healthcare providers have begun to use digital radiography. As a result, filter thickness standards should be reestablished, as current clinical practice requires the use of thicknesses recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, which are based on information, acquired using conventional analog systems. Here we investigated the possibility of minimizing dose creep and optimizing patient dose using Al filters in digital radiography. The use of thicker Al filters resulted in a maximum 19.3% reduction in the entrance skin exposure dose when medical images with similar sharpness values were compared. However, resolution, which is a critical factor in imaging, had a significant change of 1.01 lp/mm. This change in resolution is thought to be due to the increased amount of scattered rays generated from the object due to the X-ray beam hardening effect. The increase in the number of scattered rays was verified using the scattering degradation factor. However, the FPD, which has recently been developed and is widely used in various areas, has greater response to radiation than analog devices and has a wide dynamic range. Therefore, the FPD is expected to maintain an appropriate level of resolution corresponding to the increase in the scattered-ray content ratio, which depends on filter thickness. Use of the FPD is also expected to minimize dose creep by reducing the exposure dose.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to propose the utility which was evaluated the digital image processing and clinical application of the videodensitomery. The experiments were performed with IBM-PC/16bit-AT compatible, video camera(CCdtr55, Sony Co., Japan), an color monitor(MultiSync 3D, NEC, Japan) providing the resolution of 512×480 and 64 levels of gray. Sylvia Image Capture Board for the ADC(analog to digital converter) was used, composed of digitized image from digital signal and the radiographic density was measured by 256 level of gray. The periapical radiograph(Ektaspeed EP-21, Kodak Co., U. S. A) which was radiographed dried human mandible by exposure condition of 70 kVp and 48 impulses, was used for primary X-ray detector. And them evaluated for digitzed image by low and high pass filtering, correlations between aluminum equivalent values and the thickness of aluminum step wedge, aluminum equivalent values of sound enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone, the range of diffuse density for gray level ranging from 0 to 255. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The edge between aluminum steps of digitized image were somewhat blurred by low pass filtering, but edge enhancement could be resulted by high pass filtering. Expecially, edge enhancement between distal root of lower left 2nd molar and alveolar lamina dura was observed. 2. The correlation between aluminum equivalent values and the thickness of aluminum step wedge was intimated, yielding the coefficient of correlation r=0.9997(p<0.00l), the regression line was described by Y=0.9699X+0.456, and coefficient of variation amounting to 1.5%. 3. The aluminum equivalent values of sound enamel, dentin, and alvolar bone were 15.41㎜, 12.48㎜, 10.35㎜, respectively. 4. The range of diffuse density for gray level ranging from 0 to 255 was wider enough than that of photodenstiometer to be within the range of 1-4.9.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.282-288
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• 2003

We report the growth of HgCdTe by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), using (211)B CdTe/Si substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The surface morphology of these films is very smooth with hillock free. The etch pit densities (EPD) and full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of x-ray rocking curves exhibited that the crystalline quality of HgCdTe epilayer on MBE grown CdTe/Si was improved compare to HgCdTe on GaAs substrate. The Hall parameters of undoped HgCdTe layers on CdTe/Si showed n-type behavior with carrier concentration of $8{\times}10^{14}/cm^3$ at 77K. But HgCdTe on GaAs showed p-type conductivity due to in corporation of p-type impurities during GaAs substrate preparation. It is thought that these results are applicable for large area HgCdTe forcal plane arrays of $1024{\times}1024$ format and beyound.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3 s.49
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

Compression work on a pyrite powder has been carried out using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) with Mao-Bell type diamond anvil cell (DAC) and synchrotron radiation(SR) at room temperature. It has been reported the bulk moduli of pyrite show the large variations depending on the experimental conditions as well as the apparatus used. Thus, two kinds of sample in different pressure transmitting media of both NaCl and MgO powder emerged in alcoholic fluids were subjected to measure their compressibilities. Bulk moduli thus obtained are 138.9 GPa and 198.2 GPa, respectively, and this result contradicts to the anticipated values according to the hydrostaticity conditions of the sample chamber. This might be due to the alcoholic fluids phase transition mainly with the side effects from the difference of both solid state detector (SSD) used and E*d value applied. All experiments were performed at the Beam Line 1B2 of Pohang Light Source (PLS).

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1993

Double ionization of the K- shell accompanying K- shell electron capture of the 0.035 MeV transition of $^{125}I$ has been studied by counting coincidences between $K_{\alpha}$ hypersatellite X-rays and Ka satellite X-rays emitted when double vacancies are filled. The $^{125}I\;and\;^{125}Te^m$ source materials were used in the measurement. We obtained the coincidence spectrum using two NaI(T1) detectors and a Ge(Li) detector and TAC(Time-to-Amplitude Converter), and then analysed the measured coincidence number $N(K_{\alpha}^{II},\;K_{\alpha}^s)$, the total number $N(K_{\alpha})$ of K X-ray. The probability per K-shell electron capture that a double vacancy is formed, $P_{KK}$ is formed, $P_{KK}$ is found to be $2.15{\times}10^{-4}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was tried to remove the noise and improve the spatial resolution in the computed tomography (CT) by using anisotropic 2-dimensional (2D) diffusion based filter. We used 4-channel multi-detector CT and american association of physicists in medicine (AAPM) phantom was used for CT performance evaluation to evaluate the image quality. X-ray irradiation conditions for image acquisition was fixed at 120 kVp, 100 mAs and scanned 10 mm axis with ultra-high resolution. The improvement of anisotropic 2D diffusion filtering that we suggested firstly, increase the contrast of the image by using histogram stretching to the original image for 0.4%, and multiplying the individual pixels by 1.2 weight value, and applying the anisotropic diffusion filtering. As a result, we could distinguished five holes until 0.75 mm in the original image but, five holes until 0.40 mm in the image with improved anisotropic diffusion filter. The noise of the original image was 46.0, the noise of the image with improved anisotropic 2D diffusion filter was decreased to 33.5(27.2%). In conclusion improved anisotropic 2D diffusion filter that we proposed could remove the noise of the CT image and improve the spatial resolution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-96
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• 2011

Currently, the development of direct conversion radiation detector using photoconductor materials is progressing in widely. Among of theses photoconductor materials, mercuric iodide compound than amorphous selenium has excellent absorption and sensitivity of high energy radiation. Also, the detection efficiency of signal generated in photoconductor film varies by electric filed and geometric distribution according to top-bottom electrode size. Therefore, in this work, the x-ray detection characteristics are investigated about the size of top electrode in $HgI_2$ photoconductor film. For sample fabrication, to solve the problem that is difficult to make a large area film, we used the spatial paste screen-print method. And the sample thickness is $150{\mu}m$ and an film area size is $3cm{\times}3cm$ on ITO-coated glass substrate. ITO(Indium-Tin-Oxide) electrode was used as top electrode using a magnetron sputtering system and each area is $3cm{\times}3cm$, $2cm{\times}2cm$ and $1cm{\times}1cm$. From experimental measurement, the dark current, sensitivity and SNR of the $HgI_2$ film are obtained from I-V test. From the experimental results, it shows that the sensitivity increases in accordance with the area of the electrode but the SNR is decreased because of the high dark current. Therefore, the optimized size of electrode is importance for the development of photoconductor based x-ray imaging detector.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of electronic portal imaging device through objective compare of the images acquired using an EPID and a conventional port film Materials and Methods : From Apr. to Oct. 1997, a total of 150 sets of images from 20 patients who received radiation therapy in the pelvis area were evaluated in the Inha University Hospital and Severance Hospital. A dual image recording technique was devised to obtain both electronic portal images and port film images simultaneously with one treatment course. We did not perform double exposure five to ten images were acquired from each patient. All images were acquired from posteroanterior (PA) view except images from two patients. A dose rate of 100-300 Mu/min and a 10-MV X-ray beam were used and 2-10 MUs were required to produce a verification image during treatment. Kodak diagnostic film with metal/film imaging cassette which was located on the top of the EPID detector was used for the port film. The source to detector distance was 140 cm. Eight anatomical landmarks (pelvic brim, sacrum, acetabulum. iliopectineal line, symphysis, ischium, obturator foramen, sacroiliac joint) were assessed. Four radiation oncologist joined to evaluate each image. The individual landmarks in the port film or in the EPID were rated - very clear (1), clear (2), visible (3), not clear (4), not visible (5). Results : Using an video camera based EPID system. there was no difference of image quality between no enhanced EPID images and port film images. However, when we provided some change with window level for the portal image, the visibility of the sacrum and obturator foramen was improved in the portal images than in the port film images. All anatomical landmarks were more visible in the portal images than in the port film when we applied the CLAHE mode enhancement. The images acquired using an matrix ion chamber type EPID were also improved image qualify after window level adjustment. Conclusion : The quality of image acquired using an electronic portal imaging device was comparable to that of the port film. When we used the enhance mode or window level adjustment. the image quality of the EPID was superior to that of the port film. EPID may replace the port film.