• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2006

Echinostoma hortense (E. hortense) is an intestinal trematode with the highest infection rate in South Korea. However, the immune response against E. hortense infection has not been explained well. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treatment with cyclosporin A (CsA) and histamine receptor antagonists on the cytokine expression and mucosal goblet cells in E. hortense-infected C3H/HeN mice. The alteration of cytokine mRNA expression ($TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-l{\beta},\;IL-4\;and\;IL-5$), intestinal worm recovery rate and goblet cell responses were measured weekly from 0 to 5 weeks post-infection (P.I.) in the control and the following three drug-treated groups: CsA, hydroxyzine and cimetidine. Compared with the control group, the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs decreased in the CsA- and hydroxyzine-treated groups, but only IL-4 mRNA expression did in the cimetidine-treated group. Worm recovery rate was significantly increased in the drug-treated groups. Mucosal goblet cells and their mucin response significantly decreased in the CsA-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly increased in the cimetidine- (P<0.05) and hydroxyzine- (P<0.01) treated groups. These data suggest that CsA treatment inhibits production of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines which are necessary for the worm expulsion. Histamine receptor increases goblet cells and their mucin activation, although it remains to be elucidated whether it directly affects the worm expulsion period of E. hortense in C3H/HeN mice.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1991

Serodiagnosis of Clonorchis sinensis infections will probably be a first choice tool for screening of clonorchiasis in a future because of increasing difficulties in collection and examination of stools. The sensitive test such as ELISA can he used effectively. However there are some limitations in serological diagnosis for the detection of serum antibody. One of the major problems is the non-specificity of the antigens which produce cross reaction with other helminthic infection sera. To solve this problem. many investigators have tried to purify the antigens used. In this study, we determined the antigenic profile of the crude saline extract antigen of C. sinensis at early developmental stage based on SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting techniques for the purpose of understanding the nature of C. sinensis worm antigen The following results were obtained : 1) The SDS-PAGE showed many protein hands ranging from 10Kd to 91Kd relative molecular weight. Among them, 66, 46, 40, 33, 27, 24, 16, 14 and 10Kd bands were observed as a principle bands. The protein components of C. sinensis changed chronologically during their early developmental period. 44Kd band was stained unclearly in antigen of 2 weeks worm, but changed to concentrated state in antigen of 5 weeks worm. 35Kd band was found in antigen of 2 weeks worm, however this band was disappeared in antigen of 5 weeks worm. 22Kd band also lost its staining property gradually. 2) In spite of differences in antigenic profile, there was no differences in the data obtained by microplate ELISA using each antigen preparation. Absorbance value began to rise in between 2 to 3 weeks after infection. 3) By EITB. serum antibody recognized major protein bands with molecular weight of 91, 85, 63, 46, 40, 33, 24, 14 and 10Kd hand respectively. Among them 66, 33, 17 and 14Kd bands were observed as non-specific band because they reacted even in normal control sera. Generally, gradual increase of positive reactions were observed as the infection period of C. sinensis was prolonged. In other hand, the reaction of 10Kd hand did not occurred when 26th week sera was tested. 4) The positive reactions using antigens of 2 weeks worm, especially on 40 and 24Kd bands, were most strong and sharply demarcated compared to those of 3~5 weeks worm antigen.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 1985

The epidemiological status of ascariasis was analyzed in 8 rural villages in Korea, through observation of its epidemiological parameters such as prevalence, worm burden and basic reproductive rate. Total 978 inhabitants were subjected to stool examination and recovery of worms after chemotherapy with pyrantel pamoate. The results were as follows: 1. The worm positive rate in each village was 16.5~79.5%, while the egg positive rate was 9~18% lower, 3.3~66.7%. The average worm burden (among all inhabitants) ranged from O. 21 to 8. 44 by villages and the frequency of cases with each worm burden showed negative binomial distributions with 'k' values of O. 38-0. 54. 2. The prevalence rates (worm) in each village was almost identical with the theoretical ones from Anderson and May's equation; $p=1-(1+M^*/k)^{-k}$, where 'p' is worm prevalence and '$M^*$' equilibrium average worm burden. The basic reproductive rate 'R' was calculated from 1.03 to 2.11. lt is suggested that, although 'R' in lower endemic areas is approaching to the breakpoint of reinfection (R=1), control programs of ascariasis in Korea should be continued until it becomes below the level nationwidely.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1996

An experimental study was carried out to observe the effects of radiation on the infectivity of metacercariae of Gymnophalloines seoi to C3H mice. Oysters, the second intermediate host, were collected from an endemic area, and non-irradiated control, metacercaria-irradiation, and oyster-irradiation groups were prepared . One hundred metacercariae were infected orally to each mouse, and worm recovery rate was compared by groups at 7th day post-infection. In the metacercaria-irradiation group, the worm recovery rate was significantly reduced at radiation doses higher than 200 Gy, and the number of intrauterine eggs significantly reduced at doses over 50 Gy. In the oyster- irradiation group, 50 Gy significantly reduced both the worm recovery rate and number of uterine eggs. In the two groups, no worm was recovered at 1,000 Gy irradiation. Conclusively, irradiation of oysters with 200-1,000 Gy was effective to control infectivity of metacercariae to C3H mice, and could be adopted as a control measure for gymno-phalloidiasis.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.372-376
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• 2004

With the growing traffic density and increasing comfort requirements, the automation of the drive train will gain importance in vehicles. The automatic clutch actuation relieves the drivers especially in urban driving and stop-and-go traffic conditions. In this paper, an electro-mechanical actuator for clutch-by-wire (CBW) system is implemented as the first stage for the development of automated manual transmissions. The prototype of CBW actuator is designed systematically, which is composed of the electric motor, worm & worm wheel and crank mechanism. And the test rig is developed to perform the basic function test for the automatic clutch actuation. The developed prototype is validated by the experimental results on the test rig.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.553-559
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• 2015

Research on micro-level assessment of the changes of socio-economic status following health interventions is very scarce. The use of household asset data to determine wealth indices is a common procedure for estimating socio-economic position in resource poor settings. In such settings information about income is usually lacking, and the collection of individual consumption or expenditure data would require in-depth interviews, posing a considerable risk of bias. In this study, we determined the socio-economic status of 213 households in a community population in an island in the north-western Tanzania before and 3 year after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. We constructed a household 'wealth index' based housing construction features (e.g., type of roof, walls, and floor) and durable assets ownership (e.g., bicycle, radio, etc.). We employed principal components analysis and classified households into wealth quintiles. The study revealed that asset variables with positive factor scores were associated with higher socio-economic status, whereas asset variables with negative factor scores were associated with lower socio-economic status. Overall, households which were rated as the poorest and very poor were on the decrease, whereas those rated as poor, less poor, and the least poor were on the increase after PHAST intervention. This decrease/increase was significant. The median shifted from -0.4376677 to 0.5001073, and the mean from -0.2605787 (SD; 2.005688) to 0.2605787 (SD; 1.831199). The difference in socio-economic status of the people between the 2 phases was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). We argue that finding of this study should be treated with caution as there were other interventions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections which were running concurrently on Kome Island apart from PHAST intervention.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2007

The army developed the ATCIS(Army Tactical Command Information System) for the battlefield information system with share the command control information through the realtime. The using the public key and the encryption equipment in the ATCIS is enough to the confidentiality, integrity. but, it is vulnerable about the availability with the zero day attack. In this paper, we implement the worm propagation simulation on the ATCIS infrastructure through the modelling on the ATCIS operation environment. We propose the countermeasures based on the results from the simulation.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.262-271
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• 2005

Cordyceps, one of the most valued traditional Chinese medicines, consists of the dried fungus Cordyceps sinensis growing on the larva of caterpillar. It is also known as 'winter-worm and summer-grass' because of its appearance during different seasons. The parasitic complex of the fungus and the caterpillar is found in soil of a prairie at an elevation of 3,500 to 5,000 meters in northwestern part of China. According to Chinese medicinal theory, Cordyceps is used to replenish the kidney and soothe the lung, and indeed many clinical applications have been reported. The natural Cordyceps is rare and expensive on the local market, and therefore, several mycelial strains have been isolated from natural Cordyceps and manufactured in large quantities by fermentation technology, and they are commonly sold as health food products in Orient. The adulterants of Cordyceps are commonly found on the market, and therefore the authentication of these products has to be defined. Having the urgent need from current market, different chemical markers such as nucleoside, ergosterol, mannitol and polysaccharide are being used for quality control of Cordyceps. Unfortunately, these markers are far from optimization, and therefore extensive works are needed to define the pharmacological efficiency of these markers.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.565-569
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• 2004

The wing-body trucks are special vehicles that are designed to provide large carrying space and to protect the freights from outside impacts and bad weather. They are constructed to the structure opening and shutting three-layered aluminum top. In the middle- and large-size(above one-ton) wing-body trucks, wing-body is opened/closed by opening and shutting device of oil pressure type. But one-ton truck is constructed that its wing-body is opened/closed in manual to use helping of stay-dampers. So, we developed an electronic opening and shutting device for one-ton wing-body trucks to improve the inconvenience of usage for manually operated wing-body. The developed device is consisted of two connected links and a dc motor combined with an worm gear. The worm gear changes the rotation axis of the dc motor to a right-angled direction and transfers the torque of dc motor to the links. The two connected links open/shut the wing-body using the torque transferred from the dc motor. When the wing-body starts to be opened, the biggest torque is required from the dc motor for opening the wing-body. And as the wing-body is opened more and more, the required torque is smaller for opening the wing-body. Thus, the structure of two connected links are designed to locate at the center of worm gear so that maximum torque of the dc motor is transferred the links at the initial time starting to open wing-body. The controller of the device with open and closed buttons also is designed to protect the device from over-opening and over shutting operations. The developed device is accomplished for many experiments using actual vehicle. Those experiments show that the device has more excellent performance than the oil pressure type.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.435-438
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• 1997

Twelve newborn goat kids born of philippine does (3.5 and 5 years old) were used in this study. Four mother (candidate) doe goats were randomly allocated to each group. The mother does were infected orally with three levels (0, 15,000 and 30,000 larvae) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Before infection all animals were housed in individual pens with concrete floors. They were provided with a uniform management. Estrus of does were synchronized using PGF2 alpha. All the animals were bred naturally by the same buck. Baby goat born of infected mother goats were divided into three groups. $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$), respectively, from mother treatment groups. Birth weight and growth of goat kids born from H. contortus infected mother goats were determined. Birth weights of kids of $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 1.9, 1.5 and 1.2 kg, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in birth weight of kids for the 3 treatment groups were found. However, significant (p < 0.05) effects of stomach worm infection and duration of infection on liveweight gain of kids were observed. After second and third week of birth, respectively, the kids of groups 3 and 2 registered lover liveweight gains than the kids in control group. However, no significant (p > 0.05) difference in liveweight gain was found between the kids of infected mother does. Fecal egg counts of the infected mother does showed patent infections which also indicated by postmortem worm counts. However, no worm egg was found in the feces of the test kids.