• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.470-479
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• 2010

In relation to the extraction of opinion words, it may be difficult to directly apply most of the methods suggested in existing English studies to the Korean language. Additionally, the manual method suggested by studies in Korea poses a problem with the extraction of opinion words in that it takes a long time. In addition, English thesaurus-based extraction of Korean opinion words leaves a challenge to reconsider the deterioration of precision attributed to the one to one mismatching between Korean and English words. Studies based on Korean phrase analyzers may potentially fail due to the fact that they select opinion words with a low level of frequency. Therefore, this study will suggest the k-Structure (k=5 or 8) method, which may possibly improve the precision while mutually complementing existing studies in Korea, in automatically extracting opinion words from a simple sentence in a given Korean product review. A simple sentence is defined to be composed of at least 3 words, i.e., a sentence including an opinion word in ${\pm}2$ distance from the attribute name (e.g., the 'battery' of a camera) of a evaluated product (e.g., a 'camera'). In the performance experiment, the precision of those opinion words for 8 previously given attribute names were automatically extracted and estimated for 1,868 product reviews collected from major domestic shopping malls, by using k-Structure. The results showed that k=5 led to a recall of 79.0% and a precision of 87.0%; while k=8 led to a recall of 92.35% and a precision of 89.3%. Also, a test was conducted using PMI-IR (Pointwise Mutual Information - Information Retrieval) out of those methods suggested in English studies, which resulted in a recall of 55% and a precision of 57%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2018

This study intends to derive play attribute words to describe the nature of play by analyzing the correlation between play facilities and play attribute words. To investigate play attributes at playing facilities and supplement areas of weakness can provide a balanced play environment. Play attributes words were compiled via a literature review and the importance of each play attributes word was surveyed by experts. The keywords explaining play derived from news articles and references are defined as play attributes words. These words were classified into six broad categories and twenty-six sub-categories. The importance of major play attribute words show: Communication (0.268%) > Imagination (0.201%) > Amusement (0.190%) > Development (0.167%) > Learning (0.108%) > Intelligence (0.067%). Experts have recognized the most important elements are communication and imagination. Each play attribute associated with an amusement facility was separately identified in the amusement facilities installed in 114 children's parks in Seoul. Of the play attribute words, the amusement facilities at Seoul's Children's Park reflected a high frequency in 'development'. Furthermore, the importance of major playing attribute words such as 'Communication' and 'Imagination' were not fully reflected in cognitive play facilities. Therefore, it was judged that there is a need to actively introduce these attributes. This study proposed future improvements by determining weaknesses of amusement facilities in children's parks and analyzing the features and functions of play so as to suggest future improvements.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.69-80
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• 2005

So far, there have been mary studies on human emotions and the emotional side of products in the field of emotional engineering. Contemporary emotion-related researches have focused mainly on the relationship between product aesthetics and the emotional responses elicited by the products, but little is known about emotions elicited from using the products. In this study we have extracted some emotional words that can come up during user interaction with a product and reveal emotional changes. Firstly, we assembled a set of emotional words that were sufficient to represent a general overview of Korean emotions, collected from various literature studies in the field of psychology, linguistics, emotional engineering. Secondly, we found emotional words from collecting user opinion on the website. In this study, we used heavy traffic websites such as shopping mall and mania sites. Finally the emotional words were collected from verbal protocols by using Think Aloud technique. The collected words were integrated according to standards and they were applied on evaluation survey twice for evaluating their appropriateness. This survey was conducted for identification of emotional expressions while using a product. Finally, we extracted 88 emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed while using products. And we categorized the 88 words to form 6 groups by using factor analysis. The 6 categories that were extracted as a result of this study, such as aesthetics, satisfaction in usability, novelty, uncomfortable- ness, pleasure and excellence were found to be user's representative emotions expressed while using products. It is expected that emotional words and user's representative emotions extracted in this study will be used as subjective evaluation data that is required to measure user's emotional changes while using a product.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.6
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• pp.147-166
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• 2004

Whitehead's discussion of language is not to be found in any one book or article. It is interwoven with his discussion of many other questions. He was, however, greatly concerned with the problem of symbolism in general and the uses of language. He regards language, spoken or written, as an instrument devised by men to aid them in their adjustment to the environment in which they live Language is used for many specific purposes in the process of this adjustment. Words are employed not only to refer to data and to express emotions. They may be used also to record experiences, and thoughts about these experiences. Worts also function as instruments in the organization of experiences as they are considered in retrospect. Thus words free us from the bondage of the immediate. And Whitehead's theory of meaning is implicit in his discussion of the functions of language. According to him, the human mind is functioning symbolically when some components of its experience elicit consciousness, beliefs, emotions, and usages, respecting other components of its experiences. The former set of components are the 'symbols', and the latter set constitute the 'meaning' of the symbols. Whitehead points out that one word may have several meanings, i.e. refer to several different data. In order to understand, thus, the meaning to which a word refers, it is sometimes very important to appreciate the system of thought within which a person is operating. Further, Whitehead's discussion of language includes a number of cogent warning the deficiencies of language, and hence the need for great care in the use of words. In fact, language developed gradually. For the most part we have created words designed to deal with practical problems. Attention focuses on the prominent features in a situation, in particular the changing aspects of things. With reference to such data our words are relatively adequate. However, this issues in an unfortunate superficiality. The enduring, the subtle, the complex and the general aspects of the universe do not have adequate verbal representation. for this reason, Whitehead's position concerning the uses of language in speculative philosophy is stated with pungent directness. The uncritical trust in the adequacy of language is one of the main errors to which philosophy is liable. Since ordinary language does not do justice to the generalities, profundities and complexities of life, it is obvious that philosophy requires new words and phrases, or at least the revision of familiar words and phrases. Proceeding to develop the theme Whitehead contends that words and phrases must be stretched towards a generality foreign to their ordinary usage. In the same vein Whitehead refers to the need to realize that language which is the tool of philosophy needs to be redesigned just as in physical science available physical apparatus needs to be redesigned. But even these words and phrases, stretched or redesigned, are never completely adequate in philosophical speculations. They are, in his opinion, merely a great improvement over ordinary language or the language science, mathematics or symbolic logic.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2009

This research extracted emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed while using a cellular phone and a web. And then the emotional words were compared to find out whether the difference in emotional words by the type of products. The results of this study suggest that the hardware-oriented products used for specific purpose such as cellular phone extracted a lot of emotional words related to 'Satisfaction in Usability' and 'Pleasure'. 'Satisfaction in Usability' are conceived satisfying in usability or practicality of product. 'Pleasure' are pleasant emotions expressed while using a product. However the emotional words related to 'Aesthetics' and 'Novelty' were omitted. 'Aesthetics' are expressed by product's appearance and by various visual information while using a product. 'Novelty' are expressed by something that is novel and new that has never been experienced. On the other hand the software-oriented products used rather to find something better and new information than to perform specific tasks such as web extracted a lot of emotional words related to 'Novelty'. Therefore, the results of this research have found evidence that it is desirable to make a set of subjective evaluation scale by the type of products. When making the subjective evaluation scale, it is important to use appropriate emotional words for the purpose of use and the characteristics of those products.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.48
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• pp.135-191
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to select words with "shared cultural charge" that are unique in French culture and to study cultural content hidden in these words. It also explores the cultural phenomenon of same French borrowed words used in the Korean language. The study was conducted from two perspectives: perspective of internal French culture defined by Galisson and inter-cultural perspective. The first section of this study introduces the theory "lexiculture" and definition of the words "shared cultural charge." In the following section, among main items of 795 borrowed words in the Korean language, we examined seven words in areas such as clothing, food, and housing. We studied content of the French culture according to the following three categories: (1) dictionary definition, (2) cultural phenomena, (3) special phenomenon in idiomatic expression. Our study illustrated a special connotation beyond the dictionary definition of words. In the next section, we examined the birth of a new cultural phenomenon and process of acquiring a new meaning in the Korean language. Finally, we analyzed differences and similarities between linguistic and cultural elements in both cultures. In this study, we provide basic data for inter-cultural education between France and Korea.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.703-713
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• 2016

In this paper, we present a segmentation-based method for offline Farsi handwritten word recognition. Although most segmentation-based systems suffer from segmentation errors within the first stages of recognition, using the inherent features of the Farsi writing script, we have segmented the words into sub-words. Instead of using a single complex classifier with many (N) output classes, we have created N simple recurrent neural network classifiers, each having only true/false outputs with the ability to recognize sub-words. Through the extraction of the number of sub-words in each word, and labeling the position of each sub-word (beginning/middle/end), many of the sub-word classifiers can be pruned, and a few remaining sub-word classifiers can be evaluated during the sub-word recognition stage. The candidate sub-words are then joined together and the closest word from the lexicon is chosen. The proposed method was evaluated using the Iranshahr database, which consists of 17,000 samples of Iranian handwritten city names. The results show the high recognition accuracy of the proposed method.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.41-54
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate predictors concerning preschoolers' ability to read words, in terms of their sub-skills of alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, and phonological processing. Fourteen literacy sub-tests and three types of reading tasks were administered to 289 kindergartners aged 4 to 6 in Busan. The main results are as follows. Sub-skills that predicted reading ability varied with children's age. Irrespective of children's age groups, knowledge of consonant names and digit naming speed commonly explained the reading of real words. In contrast, skills of syllable deletion and phoneme substitution and knowledge of alphabet composition principles were related to only 4-year-olds' reading skills. Exclusively included was digit memory in predicting 5-year-olds' reading abilities, and knowledge of vowel sounds in 6-year-olds' reading skills. The type of reading task also influenced reading ability. A few common variables such as knowledge of consonant names and vowel sounds, digit naming speed, and phoneme substitution skill explained all types of word reading. Syllable counting skills, however, had predictive value only for the reading of real words. Phoneme insertion skills and digit memory had predictive value for the reading of pseudo words and low frequency letters. Likewise, knowledge of consonant sounds and vowel stroke-adding principles were significant only for the reading of low frequency letters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.413-426
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• 2020

This study researches the association between associative vocabulary and fashion image language in order to extract ideas that can be used as basic data for design ideas. Classic - avant-garde imaged language were chosen as theme words and each 70 questionnaires per a final image word were used for analysis. We obtained the following results by researching keywords that explained classic image words through a word cloud technique. It was found to have high central representation in the order of suit, classical, basic, music, Chanel, black and traditional. The core key words explaining avant-garde image language were found to have a central representation in the order of : peculiar, huge, Comme des Garçons, artistic, creative, deconstruction and individuality. We extracted the necessary idea dimensions needed for design ideas through associative network graph analysis. In the case of classical image language, it was named as the Mannish Item, Music, Modern Color, and the Traditional Classicality dimensions. In the case of avant-garde image language, it was named as the Key Image, Artistic Aura, Key Design and Designers dimensions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.364-380
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• 2016

The most popular approach in object classification is based on the bag of visual-words model, which has several fundamental problems that restricting the performance of this method, such as low time efficiency, the synonym and polysemy of visual words, and the lack of spatial information between visual words. In view of this, an object classification based on weakly supervised E2LSH and saliency map weighting is proposed. Firstly, E2LSH (Exact Euclidean Locality Sensitive Hashing) is employed to generate a group of weakly randomized visual dictionary by clustering SIFT features of the training dataset, and the selecting process of hash functions is effectively supervised inspired by the random forest ideas to reduce the randomcity of E2LSH. Secondly, graph-based visual saliency (GBVS) algorithm is applied to detect the saliency map of different images and weight the visual words according to the saliency prior. Finally, saliency map weighted visual language model is carried out to accomplish object classification. Experimental results datasets of Pascal 2007 and Caltech-256 indicate that the distinguishability of objects is effectively improved and our method is superior to the state-of-the-art object classification methods.