• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.377-401
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• 2004

Delay in the air transport occurs when passengers, baggage or cargo do not arrive at their destination at the time indicated in the contract of carriage. The causes of delay in the carriage of cargo are no reservation, lack of space, failure to load the cargo on board, loading the cargo on the wrong plane, failure to off-load the cargo at the right place, or to deliver the covering documents at the right place. The Montreal Convention of 1999 Article 19 provides that "The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures." The Montreal Convention Article 22 provides liability limits of the carrier in case of delay for cargo. In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to 17 SDR per kilogram unless a special declaration as to the value of the cargo has been made. The Montreal Convention Article 19 has shortcomings: it is silent on the duration of the liability for carriage. It does not give any indication concerning the circumstances to be taken into account in cases of delay, and about the length of delay. In conclusion, it is desirable to define the period of carriage with accuracy, and to insert the word 'unreasonable' in Article 19.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.209-233
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 웹기반 온라인목록 이용자들의 전반적인 검색행태를 알아보기 위해, 7년 동안의 트랜잭션 로그를 분석하였다. 웹기반 온라인목록의 검색형태는 검색전략과 검색실패의 관점에서 조사하였다. 검색전략에서는 검색유형, 접근점, 연산자, 검색문의 길이, 단어 사용횟수, 웹기반 온라인목록 이용횟수, 시간대별 및 요일별 이용횟수를 분석하였다. 또한 검색실패는 검색실패율과 접근점별 검색실패율, 연산자별 검색실패율을 분석하였다. 이 연구결과는 향후 웹기반 온라인목록 시스템과 서비스 개선에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of prosody of utterance of ambiguous sentences in patients with neurogenic communication disorders. Ambiguous words on which prosody may have an impact were used to investigate this matter. The characteristics of tone duration, pitch and intensity were analyzed to examine the characteristics of prosody in patients with lesions in the left or right hemisphere and normal controls. The whole process was recorded using a Praat 4.3.14 and for statistical analyses, two-way Anova and multiple comparative analyses were carried out using SPSS10.0 for Windows. The conclusions of this study are as follows: The length of vowel in homograph in Korean was different depending on the meaning and the duration of vowel was the longest in patients with lesions in the left hemisphere. There was agreed that they had problem of timing of prosody(Danly & Shapiro, 1982). On the other hand, there found that patients with lesions in the right hemisphere had deficiency of changeability in pitch. Among various acoustic parameters, this study focused on the duration which are closely related to suprasegmental characteristics of prosody. More acoustic parameters should be taken into account in future studies.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.427-435
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• 2015

This paper presents a high-throughput low-complexity decoder architecture and design technique to implement successive-cancellation (SC) polar decoding. A novel merged processing element with a one's complement scheme, a main frame with optimal internal word length, and optimized feedback part architecture are proposed. Generally, a polar decoder uses a two's complement scheme in merged processing elements, in which a conversion between two's complement and sign-magnitude requires an adder. However, the novel merged processing elements do not require an adder. Moreover, in order to reduce hardware complexity, optimized main frame and feedback part approaches are also presented. A (1024, 512) SC polar decoder was designed and implemented using 40-nm CMOS standard cell technology. Synthesis results show that the proposed SC polar decoder can lead to a 13% reduction in hardware complexity and a higher clock speed compared to conventional decoders.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2023

The Japanese language, as a typical agglutinating language, permits large noun phrases (NP) containing ten or more morphemes. In this paper, we argue that the nature of the NP in Japanese is changing. Our data are drawn from the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese. We conduct a series of apparent-time studies of ongoing changes in complex NPs. We first examine the length of compound nouns, followed by the usage of bound suffixes. We then examine ongoing changes in complex NPs that contain genitive case markers. Finally, we examine noun incorporation. All of our studies show a trend towards shorter, less complex NPs. Furthermore, our results suggest that the usage rate of phrases that modify the noun inside the NP (compound nouns, bound nouns, NPs containing genitive case, noun incorporation) appears to be decreasing over time. On the other hand, the usage rate of modifying material outside of the NP (positional phrases, relative clauses) appears to be increasing over time. We conclude by suggesting that our results reflect a diachronic change of decreasing synthetic morphology and increasing analytic morphology. We end by pointing out the implications of this work on our understanding syntheticity and analyticity.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.53-68
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• 2015

본 연구는 온라인 양면구전에 대한 실제적 파악을 통해 보다 현실성 있는 유형구분에 도움을 주는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 제품유형을 경험재와 탐색재로 분류한 후 총 402건의 온라인 리뷰를 수집하여 기술적 특성(방향성, 리뷰길이)과 내용 구조적 특성(제품편익, 정보제시방법)에 대해서 내용분석(Content Analysis)을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 양면구전의 방향성으로 긍정/부정, 부정/긍정, 긍정/부정/긍정, 부정/긍정/부정의 네 가지 유형이 관찰되었다. 둘째, 양면구전의 리뷰길이가 단면구전의 리뷰길이보다 긴 것으로 나타났으며, 제품편익에서는 단면과 양면 모두 혼합유형이 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 정보제시방법에서 단면구전은 총체적 표현방식이 압도적으로 많이 나타난 반면, 양면구 전에서는 혼합적, 분석적 표현방식도 상당히 높은 비율을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 단면구전과 양면 구전 모두 정보제시 방법으로는 탐색재는 총체적 표현에 많이 치우친 반면, 경험재는 분석적, 혼합적 표현도 많이 사용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 온라인 구전의 유형화 기준 특히 양면구전의 유형화 기준에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구의 내용분석 결과를 근거로 향후 여러 가지 인과적 연구가 가능할 것이라 판단된다.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2022

오픈 도메인 기계독해는 질문과 연관된 단락이 존재하지 않아 단락을 검색하는 검색 기능을 추가한 모델이다. 문서 검색은 단어 빈도 기반인 TF-IDF로 많은 연구가 진행됐으나 문서의 양이 많아지면 낮은 성능을 보이는 문제가 있다. 아울러 단락 선별은 단어 기반 임베딩으로 많은 연구가 진행됐으나 문장의 특징을 가지는 단락의 문맥을 정확히 추출하지 못하는 문제가 있다. 그리고 문서 독해는 BERT로 많은 연구가 진행됐으나 방대한 파라미터로 느린 학습 문제를 보였다. 본 논문에서는 언급한 3가지 문제를 해결하기 위해 문서의 길이까지 고려한 BM25를 이용하며 문장 문맥을 얻기 위해 InferSent를 사용하고, 파라미터 수를 줄이기 위해 ALBERT를 이용한 오픈 도메인 기계독해를 제안한다. SQuAD1.1 데이터셋으로 실험을 진행했다. 문서 검색은 BM25의 성능이 TF-IDF보다 3.2% 높았다. 단락 선별은 InferSent가 Transformer보다 0.9% 높았다. 마지막으로 문서 독해에서 단락의 수가 증가하면 ALBERT가 EM에서 0.4%, F1에서 0.2% 더 높았다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.186-194
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• 2004

인터넷 상의 정보가 급증하여 필요한 정보를 찾고 관련된 정보를 조직화하는데 많은 시간이 소요된다. 따라서 정보접근 부하를 줄일 수 있는 자동적인 문서 분류의 중요성과 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 웹 문서의 자동 분류 시스템의 설계와 구현을 기술한다. 디렉터리 내의 학습 문서 집합을 기반으로 구성된 대표 단어 집합을 이용하여 문서 분류 모델을 학습하기 위해 SVM을 사용하였다. 본 시스템에서는 정보통신 웹 디렉터리 내의 문서로부터 추출된 단어 집합을 기반으로 SVM을 학습 시킨 후 신규 문서에 대해 문서 분류를 수행한다. 또한 TFiDF를 기반으로 특성을 표현하기 위해 벡터공간 모델을 사용하였고 학습 데이터는 가중치를 갖는 특성 집합으로 표현되어진 긍정 및 부정 집합으로 구성하였다. 실험에서는 문서분류의 결과 및 벡터길이의 관련성을 보인다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.90-99
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• 2016

Forecasting of box office performance after a film release is very important, from the viewpoint of increase profitability by reducing the production cost and the marketing cost. Analysis of psychological factors such as word-of-mouth and expert assessment is essential, but hard to perform due to the difficulties of data collection. Information technology such as web crawling and text mining can help to overcome this situation. For effective text mining, categorization of objects is required. In this perspective, the objective of this study is to provide a framework for classifying films according to their characteristics. Data including psychological factors are collected from Web sites using the web crawling. A clustering analysis is conducted to classify films and a series of one-way ANOVA analysis are conducted to statistically verify the differences of characteristics among groups. The result of the cluster analysis based on the review and revenues shows that the films can be categorized into four distinct groups and the differences of characteristics are statistically significant. The first group is high sales of the box office and the number of clicks on reviews is higher than other groups. The characteristic of the second group is similar with the 1st group, while the length of review is longer and the box office sales are not good. The third group's audiences prefer to documentaries and animations and the number of comments and interests are significantly lower than other groups. The last group prefer to criminal, thriller and suspense genre. Correspondence analysis is also conducted to match the groups and intrinsic characteristics of films such as genre, movie rating and nation.

• 복식
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.15-30
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the formative characteristics of Hanbok among youngsters based on SNS proof shots, identify new characteristics of Hanbok as part of play and travel rather than as formal Hanbok, and provide information for the Hanbok market. As research methodology, our search was carried out by using '#Hanbok Travel' as the search word in Instagram, where the Hanbok proof shot phenomenon is actively under way. A total of 535 posts from March 21, 2016 to April 1, 2016 were selected as objects of this study, excluding posts containing Hanbok with indiscernible shape, Korean traditional costume manufacturers' promotional posts, and repetitive posts by one person. First, the 535 posts were analyzed by season, region, number of people, and gender, and after men's data were excluded, 644 Hanboks were left for analysis. Their formative characteristics were analyzed by using SPSS 21.0. The results showed that the formative characteristics of Hanbok shown in SNS proof shots included diversification of length in jeogori(Korean traditional jacket), skirt, and sleeve, use of pragmatic material and achromatic color, and reduced use of decorative technique. Hanboks shown in the Hanbok proof shots should be considered as significant data because each shots show clothes selected and worn directly by user's side, unlike the existing studies centering on Hanbok designers' works.