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A Study on Classification System for Gong-Po-Do Style in Tomb Wall Paintings of Koguryo (고구려 고분벽화 공포도 형식의 분류체계에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Se-Ok
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.20-55
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    • 2016
  • Koguryo's tomb mural paintings in North Korea are our precious cultural heritage which have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage property receiving high praise in the following criterion, i) exceptional creativeness of human being, ii) representative value showing the stage of development in construction history of East-Asia, iii) aesthetic superiority iv) uniqueness of building construction including tombs' ceiling. Mural paintings have been found from almost 100 tombs of the Koguryo dynasty out of 130 which are scattered across Huanren County, Lianoning Province, Ji'an, Jilin Province in China and Pyongyang in North Korea. Especially, most of them are gathered in Pyongyang from 4th and 5th century. Peculiarly, some of them have been constructed before King Jangsu's transfer of the capital to Pyongyang(AD 427). It can be regarded that Pyongyang territory had been under control of Koguryo and to become a new capital in the near future. And dense emergence of such tombs since the capital transfer from Gungnae City to Pyongyang during the reign of Jangsu is linked closely to the construction of tombs for rulers under strengthen royal authority of Jangsu and centralized system of authoritarian rule. Tomb mural paintings describe the owner's figure pictorially based on the truth just as in his living years. General lifestyles of ruling powers and sovereigns can be seen from the wall paintings portraying several buildings with various styles, figures, manners of living, which are considered that the tomb owner had led politically and sociologically in his life. In spite of not enough proofs to approve figure of architectures or "Gong-Po" in wall paintings on the tombs as those of Koguryo, it is persuasive with consideration for painting and decoration inside the tomb like wooden building in real life for the purpose of reenacting and continuing the tomb owner's luxurious life after death. "Du-Gong-Po-Zak" had appeared in company with Koguryo tomb murals and it can be found in most of the murals. And the emergence of substantial "Gong-Po-Do" can be counted more than a century ahead of the figure in murals. It could be a reasonable assumption as regards Koguryo tomb murals time of appearance match up with production period of Gahyungmyunggi(家形明器) and Hwasangseok(畵像石) Hwasangjeon(畵像塼) Design in the Mural Painting of the East-Han(東漢) Ancient Tombs in China. On this study, architectural "Gong-Po"s described in Koguryo tomb murals are categorized largely in "Bi(non)-Po-Zak-kye", "Jun(semi)-Po-Zak-kye", and "Po-Zak-kye" based on presence of "Ju-Du", "Cheom-Cha", and "Cheom-Cha-Sal-Mi" with developmental aspect, and, "Po-zak" is subdivided as "Bi(non)-Cheul-Mok" and "Cheul-Mok" types.

Stylistic Interchange Patterns of Stone Stupa Construction in the Gangwon-do Region (강원도 지역 석탑 조영(造營)의 양식적 교류양상)

  • Jun, Ji Hye
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.190-205
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    • 2016
  • Buddhist stupas, which are a symbolic architecture of Buddhism and enshrine the Jinsinsari of Buddha, were reinvented as stone stupas appropriate for the natural soil of Korea from existing wooden stupas around the 7th century after the introduction of Buddhism. Later, the construction of a stone stupa was expanded to local areas from the central area around the 9th century; thus, stone stupas of more diverse local colors were built in a nationwide scale, and today it is called a "country of stone stupas". While focusing on the stylistic interchanges between stone stupas, which were established in each region in accordance with the localization of the establishment of stone stupas that was begun actively from the 9th century, this paper selected several cases of stone stupas among about 50 stone stupas in the Gangwondo-region. First, the study compared the stone stupas and Buddhist priest tower of Seollimwonji, Jinjeonsaji, and Geodonsaji, which are located at the same temple site as the current Buddhist priest tower, from among typical Silla style stupas that match the 9 stone stupas in the Gangwon-do region. This is because stylistic interchanges were possible while there were mutually organic relationships between Buddhist statues such as stone stupas, Buddhist priest towers, stone lanterns, and Buddhist pedestals, which used the same stone material along with the expansion of Buddhism to local areas in accordance with the spread of Zen Buddhism in the 9th century. Second, a comparison was made of the stylistic similarities between the Woljeongsa Palgakgucheong (eight sides nine-storied) stone stupa and the Sinboksaji Samcheung (three-storied) stone stupa, which are totally different in regard to the number of stories and the flat form. These two stone stupas are representative Goryeo stone stupas. The Woljeongsa stone stupa is a Goguryeo-oriented stone stupa with many sided multiple stories whereas the Sinboksaji stone stupa has been known as an early case of the insertion of the support of Tapsin in each story. Although the two stone stupas may look very different, but through close investigation it was confirmed that there were many stylistic interchanges between them and not only the seated stone Buddha statue in the cylinder jewel case in front of the stupa but also the stone stupa established by the same master. Consequently, this paper aimed not merely to mention the simple patterns of stone stupas, but, further, to trace the interchange in patterns in accordance with the construction period based on those patterns.

Evaluation and Analysis of The Building Energy Saving Performance by Component of Wood Products Using EnergyPlus (EnergyPlus를 이용한 건물 부위별 목질제품 적용에 따른 건축물 에너지 절감 기여도 평가)

  • Seo, Jungki;Wi, Seunghwan;Kim, Sumin
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.5
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    • pp.655-663
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    • 2016
  • Increasing green house gas and it consequent climate change problems are discussed as a global issue. Accordingly, future local green house gas emission will increase up to 40% of the entire local green house gas emission and therefore, efforts to reduce the emission in construction industry is urgently required. Therefore, in this study, heating energy demand was analyzed by using the EnergyPlus simulation according to wood material finishes configuration. EnergyPlus has the entry for a variety of buildings and heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HAVC) system components, in particular buildings, air conditioning systems, and performs simultaneous integrated calculated through the feedback between the heat source unit, a verification program according to the ASHRAE Standard 140-2007 to be. The climate data for the simulation we used the data IWEC in Incheon and Gwangju provided by EnergyPlus. The analysis of simulation model was farm and fishing house standard design drawings: 2012, presented at the Korea Rural Community Corporation. The results of simulation of central region and southern region were effected by wood products of simulation model into the interior finish, exterior finish, windows, wooden structure. Also, it was confirmed that the reduced heating energy demand.

A Study on the Characteristics and Periodical Changes of Meoreum - Focused on Byeoldang (Annexe) and Pavilion Architecture - (머름의 특성과 변천에 관한 연구 - 별당과 정자건축을 중심으로 -)

  • Park, Il-Chan;Lee, Ho-Yeol
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.7-22
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    • 2011
  • This study primarily aims to illuminate the characteristics of Meoreum in Korean traditional fitting system according to the respective types and its periodical changes. Using the research findings as a chronological indicator by which to estimate the construction date of the building is the secondary purpose. In this study 42 of Byeoldang and pavilion architecture remaining in Yeongnam district were examined through the field surveys and methods of documentary research. The research results are as follows. First, Meoreum, which is located below the windows or doors, provides protection against the outer wind and has the function to prevent some warm air of the room from flowing outside. Second, Meoreum was recorded as Yoeum(了音), Woneum(遠音), and Maleum(末音) in Yeonggeonuigwe(營建儀軌) of Joseon period. While Yoeum(了音) was used in Yeonggeonuigwe(營建儀軌) of 1776 and 1856, Woneum(遠音) had been also used continuously since the year of 1800. The word, Maleum(末音) can be seen in Limwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志), published in 1827. Woneum(遠音) and Maleum(末音) seem to be the Yidu(吏讀) types of expression of Meoreum which is being extensively used now. Third, the kinds of Meoreum can be classified as TohMeoreum, TongMeoreum, TongpanMeoreum, and JjaneunMeoreum. TongMeoreum and TohMeoreum were mostly used at the front part of Ondolrooms, the backside of main floor called Daechung(大廳), and at the space between Daechung and rooms in the Pavilions and Byeoldangs(Annexes) that had been built in the early Joseon dynasty. TohMeoreum was usually used at the bottom parts of windows between Daechung and Ondolrooms. TongpanMeoreum was mainly used in the mid-Joseon period and relatively high height was the distinctive feature of Meoreum at that time. Jjaneun Meoreum, used mainly in the late Joseon dynasty, has become lower and lower gradually in height since 19th century, so people could enter the room through the windows(fittings). Such changes in Meoreums types has brought about the flow of human traffic directly from Toenmaru, narrow wooden porch running along the outside of a room to Ondolrooms.

A Study on the Role and Transition of the Tapgu in Stone Pagoda (석탑 탑구(塔區)의 역할 및 변천에 관한 연구)

  • Chung, Hae-Doo;Jang, Suk-Ha
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.91-104
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    • 2010
  • Korea's stone buildings are varied in their types such as stone pagodas, stone lanterns, stone bridges, stoneworks, etc. These account for more than 30% over the entire cultural properties, but research achievements are lacking compared to wooden buildings. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the shape, role and transition of Tapgu, which had been used to set up boundary at a stone pagoda, one of the stone buildings. The 20th stone pagodas, which have relative accuracy in its forming year, have been studied around national treasure or treasure between 7th century and 9th century. There are a lot of different opinions about the role and meaning of Tapgu, and at this writer's option, Tapgu is defined as follows: First, each structure plays a different role. A structure to pass the load in the upper part to the ground can be seen as a stair or a pedestal, but a structure to form double foundations can be considered as Tapgu. Second, Tapgu can be used to divide areas with stones or stepping stones. As a result, the shape, role and transition of Tapgu is as follows: Firstly, when it comes to its shape, Tapgu includes flagstone type, belt type, double foundation type, compound type. Flagstone type had been used to set up boundary at stone pagodas by using foundation stone, belt type by keeping apart from stone pagodas, and double foundation stone by installing dual foundation stones. Secondly, Tapgu is considered to set up boundary in the case of flagstone and plate stone, and acts like a structure which can prevent surrounding area of stone pagoda from coming up while being stuck around stone pagodas. Belt type was installed only for the purpose of forming boundary. At the bottom, double foundation stone had been used to pass the load in the upper part to the ground in the same way as the foundation stone in the upper part, and the boundaries were set varying the size. Thirdly, when it comes to the transition of Tapgu, flagstone type of boundary stone had been installed in the 7th century, and belt type of boundary stone had been mainly installed in the 8th century. And double foundation stone had been installed in the 9th century. Comprehensively, flagstone type and belt type had been made around the 7th and 8th century when Tapgu was regarded important and stone pagoda started to be built. At the turn to the 9th century, the role of Tapgu had been increasingly losing in the construction of stone pagoda, and foundation stone started to appear.

Current Status and Future Directions on the Management of the Korean Standards (KS): Woods, Pulp and Papers (목재 및 펄프·제지 분야 한국산업표준(KS)의 운영현황과 방향)

  • Shin, Hyun-Kyeong;Choi, Yong-Seok;Kim, Keon-Ho;Eom, Chang-Deuk;Park, Joo-Saeng;Shim, Kug-Bo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.107 no.2
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    • pp.205-217
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    • 2018
  • This study aims to review the standard operation status on wood, pulp and paper industry in Korea according to the industry standardization law which has been revised for strengthening expertise of relevant department and to propose a management strategy of Korean Standards (KS) in figure. Korea Forest Service (KFS) is the responsible department of managing KS on the wood, pulp and paper industry from 2015, and currently opertates three expert committees (wood and wooden construction, wood-based materials, pulp and paper) and wood and paper industry council to review 426 standards. To support an improvement of technical competency and securement of marketability of Korean wood industry, it is about time to review the standards and to develop practical standards since it is managed by specialized department. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish a systematic approach on the management of KS, based on thorough analysis of current KS. To remove possible technical barrier on trade due to the differences of standards between countries, the conformity with international standards is necessary. Also, for sustainability of standard management system, training specialists and building their capability is essential.

Studies on Color Classification of Fancy Veneer Flooring Board with HSI Color Model (HSI 색상모델을 이용한 마루판 무늬목의 색상분류에 관한 연구(1))

  • Seo, Jun-Won;Park, Byung-Su;Chong, Song-Ho;Park, Heon
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.33 no.4 s.132
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    • pp.23-29
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    • 2005
  • The fancy veneer flooring board is high value-added wooden material. The classification of the flooring boards by the observation with the naked eye causes color difference among fancy veneers. It turned out that this inaccuracy of color difference among fancy veneers increased in case of the identification by metamerism or the flooring construction. Therefore, this study was performed to classify fancy veneers produced from 3 species such as Tilia sp., Betula sp., and Acer sp. which were identified with the naked eye by Light and Dark grade, by using CIELAB. In addition, each specie's threshold on CIERGB was investigated and a range of hue, saturation and intensity by an application of HSI color model were studied. Intensity of the HIS color model could be the best value to be used when color, saturation and intensity of the HSI color model were used for the classification of the flooring board's color. In addition, it seemed that color range of all three criteria lied between 45 and 55. In the case of identification by threshold of RGB element, considering only specific color element value is unlikely to lead to accurate classification of fancy veneers of flooring board.

Manufacture of Cement-Bonded Particleboards from Korean Pine and Larch by Curing of Supercritical CO2 Fluid

  • Suh, Jin-Suk;Hermawan, Dede;Kawai, Shuichi
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.41-50
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    • 2000
  • Cement-bonded particleboard is being used as outdoor siding material all over the world, because this composite particularly bears a light weight, high resistance against fire, decay, and crack by cyclic freezing and thawing, anti-shock property, and strength enhancement. Construction systems are currently changing into a frame-building style and wooden houses are being constructed with prefabrication type. Therefore, they require a more durability at outdoor-exposed sides. In this study, the cement hydration property for Korean pine particle, Japanese larch particle and face- and middle layer particles (designated as PB particle below) used in Korean particleboard-manufacturing company was investigated, and the rapid manufacturing characteristics of cement-bonded particleboard by supercritical CO2 curing was evaluated. Korean pine flour showed a good hydration property, however, larch flour showed a bad one. PB particle had a better hydration property than larch flour. The addition of Na2SiO3 indicated a negative effect on hydration, however, MgCl2 had a positive one. Curing by supercritical CO2 fluid gave a conspicuous enhancement in the performances of cement-bonded particleboards compared to conventional curing. MgCl2 3%-added PB particle had the highest properties, and MgCl2 1%-added Korean pine particle had the second class with the conditions of cement/wood ratio of 2.7, a small fraction-screened particle and supercritical curing. On the contrary, the composition of non-hammermilled or large fraction-screened particle at cement/wood ratio of 2.2 was poorer. Also, the feasibility for actual use of 3%-added, small PB particle-screened fraction was greatest of all the conventional curing treatments. Relative superiority of supercritical curing vs. conventional curing at dimensional stability was not so apparent as in strength properties. Through the thermogravimetric analysis, it was ascertained that the peak of a component CaCO3 was highest, and the two weak peaks of calcium silicate hydrate and ettringite and Ca(OH)2 were present in supercritical treatment. Accordingly, it was inferred that the increased formation of carbonates in board contributes to strength enhancement.

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Characteristics of Korean Inshore Fishing Boats (한국(韓國) 연근해어선(沿近海漁船)의 특성(特性))

  • Keuck-Chun,Kim
    • Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.67-94
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    • 1971
  • Korean fisheries industry holds 57,255 boats amounting to 269,079 tons in gross as of the end of 1967. The boats of the size under 30G.T., about sixty-two per cent of the total in tonnage, are utilized in coastal and their contribution to the total production of Korean fisheries industry is estimated at over seventy-five percent. Hull forms and construction method of them are partly in transition stage to the western tradition from the oriental tradition, which employs the chine-type straight-framed section, and tick and wide wooden planking fastened on naturally bent timber frames. And only about a half of them are mechanized. About fifty-seven per cent, 7,525 boats amounting to 91,751 gross tons, of the coastal and inshore fishing boats are those of the size ranging 5G.T. to 30G.T., which are engaged mostly in draft-and gill-netting, angling, longlining, anchovy seining, squid fishing and set-netting. The important fishing boats forming main structure of the inshore fishing fleets can be classified as 5G.T.-class multi-purpose boats, 10G.T.-class angling/longlining boats and 20G.T.-class drift-/gill-netters mostly utilized in the east-sea, 15G.T.-class anchovy seiner in the south-sea-sea, 20G.T.- and 28G.T.-class stow-netters in the west sea. Each of the three sea regions, east, south, and west, of Korean water has distinctly different characters from one another in topography, geology and sea aspects, and consequently in marine resources, fishing grounds and fishing tactics desired. Hence, the finishing boats in each sea region have also their own characters in hull form, structural features, deck design and equipments. In this report, analyzing the characteristics of the existing inshore fishing boats ranging 5G.T. to 30G.T. in size from view points of naval architecture and engineering, the author made an integrated investigation of their characteristics, covering size and principal dimensions, hull form, deck design, structural features and mechanization, in close connection with the natural circumstances of Korean water and local techno-socio-economic problems, and, finally, made some suggestions for the rational improvement or modernization of the inshore fishing boats. Further details of the characteristics of Korean inshore finishing boats are referred to the drawings of them compiled by the author and given in the reference[23] listed at the end of this report.

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An Architectural Study on the Building Remains at the Site of Beopsusa Temple in Seongju - With a focus on the remains of Buildings No.2 and 3 - (성주 법수사지 건물지에 대한 건축적 고찰 - 2호, 3호 건물지를 중심으로 -)

  • Hyun, Seung-Wook
    • Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.131-137
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    • 2018
  • The two recent excavations at the site of Beopsusa Temple in Seongju revealed that it contained eight building remains, three pedestrian facilities, four drainage facilities, two walls, three embankments, and an estimated pagoda remain. Even though this investigation was restricted to some sections of the site, it confirmed remains of architectural significance and thus attracted the attention of concerned researchers. This study thus set out to make an architectural survey of the site based on the excavation results and examine the characteristics and nature of remains of Buildings No.2 and 3 at the site. The planar analysis results show that Building No.2 (Remains 2-2) at the site of Beopsusa Temple was a gable-roofed building with a single story including 6 kan(間) in the front and 4 kan(間) in the flank and that Building No.3 (Remains 3-3) was a single-story building with a hipped-and-gable roof including 5 kan(間) in the front and 3 kan(間) in the flank. The most noteworthy remain of this excavation was the north-south square platform discovered at the Building No.2 at the site. It is estimated as a high chair platform used for Buddhist sermons. It was confirmed only at the lecture hall remains of Hwangnyongsa Temple and Anyangsa Temple in the nation and had never been found at remains related to Chinese and Japanese Buddhist Temples, being regarded as a very important and unique artifact. Since it was found at the remains of Building No.2, they was estimated as the lecture hall remain at the site. Found at the remains of Building No.3 at the site, the oblong altar remains were also very unique and rare and never found at other Buddhist temple sites. The inside of oblong altar was evenly covered with roof tiles instead of rubble, and there were small crushed stones for internal division, which is an altar construction method distinctly different from its counterparts at other Buddhist temple sites. Those findings raise the possibility high that a wooden facility was put up at the top of oblong remains.