• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.337-351
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• 2015

The articles, published in the Journal of Korean Forest Society from Volume 1 (1962) to Volume 102 (2013), were investigated for the research trend analysis about forest plants for special purposes, i.e., edible plants, medicinal plants, feed resources, landscape plants, fiber plants, industrial usage, bee plants, bioenergy/phytoremediation uses, dye materials, and rare/endangered/endemic plants. These research articles were classified again based on the contents of research into following categories - habitat environment, ecology, physiology, propagation, silviculture (including planting and tending), genetics and breeding, identification, pest and disease control, animal-related research, components analysis and extracts, vegetation survey, biotechnology, management, recreation and forest healing, and research review. Among the total 2,433 articles published, 611 (25.1%) were related to plants for special usage or purposes. The highest frequency (14.9%) in publications was found in the field of silviculture followed by physiology, propagation, identification, and genetics and breeding, respectively. On the bases of usage, edible plants showed higher frequency (26.5%) than others, followed by industrial purpose, bioenergy/phytoremediation usage, landscape plants, medicinal plants, and rare/endangered/endemic plants. Populus plant species was the most popular in research, showing 62 articles; and Castanea crenata 36; Pinus koraiensis 35; Robinia pseudoacacia 20; Ginko biloba 17, etc. Based on the survey and analysis, the following points are suggested: 1) improved evaluation of forest plants as non-wood resources, 2) expanding research topics on the basis of production, management, and utilization of non-wood forest resources, 3) management of database of forest plant information and encouragement needed to strengthen cooperative researches satisfying the needs of other industrial and scientific areas, and 4) encouraging to promote traditional knowledge based research on forest plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2009

In this study, The effects of three different activated carbon materials (each coal, coconut and wood based activated carbons), empty bed contact time (EBCT) and water temperature on the removal of pharmaceutical 4 species (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, trimethoprime and caffeine) in BAC filters were investigated. Experiments were conducted at three water temperature (5, 15 and $25^{\circ}C$) and four EBCTs (5, 10, 15 and 20 min). The results indicated that coal based BAC retained more attached bacterial biomass on the surface of the activated carbon than the other BAC, increasing EBCT or increasing water temperature increased the pharmaceutical 4 species removal in BAC columns. In the coal-based BAC columns, removal efficiencies of oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 87~100% and removal efficiencies of trimethoprime and caffeine were 72~99% for EBCT 5~20 min at $25^{\circ}C$. The kinetic analysis suggested a firstorder reaction model for pharmaceutical 4 species removal at various water temperatures (5~$25^{\circ}C$). The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants and half-lives were also calculated for pharmaceutical 4 species removal at 5~$25^{\circ}C$. The reaction rate and half-lives of pharmaceutical 4 species ranging from 0.0360~0.3954 $min^{-1}$ and 1.75 to 19.25 min various water temperatures and EBCTs, could be used to assist water utilities in designing and operating BAC filters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2019

This study aims to examine the design and construction methods of movable Pavilions. Through the literature analysis, the setting up of the construction background, location and direction, size and composition, materials and construction methods were analyzed. The results are as follows; First, the movable pavilion is designed to enjoy a wide range of views. It was a creation that reflected the way in which the ideal life was pursued based on the experience of enjoying scenery rather than owning one's own house and running a pavilion. Second, the formation of movable pavilion was intended to enjoy the scenery by season without restrictions on time and place. It can also relieve the hassle of having to move tools to enjoy the wind every time. Third, the movable pavilion faces to a place with good scenery and determines its position and direction. Most of them were built on a small scale and divided the space for viewing the scenery, playing GO(Baduk), writing poems, and playing musical instruments. Also, wood was used mainly. To reduce the load, roofs and walls were constructed with light materials such as bamboo, straw, thick sheet of oil, and cotton cloth. The construction method was mainly used by the method of fastening for easy coupling and dismantling. When a building was constructed on the upper part of a ship or cart, the wooden structure of a regular pavilion was constructed. Fourth, when comparing the design and construction characteristics of ordinary pavilion and movable pavilion, the movable pavilion is easy to see for contrast purposes, so there is no limit to setting the location and direction. Instead, more stringent systems and techniques were called for, because as mobility forces should be considered, structurally measures to withstand loads, and they should satisfy their function and form as pavilion.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2017

In order to confirm European packaging waste statistics, this study was investigated annual variability of packaging waste generated, target of recovery and recycling rate for packaging waste and recycling rate of European countries based on Eurostat database. Eurostat is regional society statistics organization designated by European community to distribute development, production and European statistics. From 2005 to 2013, paper and paperboard packaging were generated the largest amount among the total amount of packaging waste generated during the period and the share of main packaging materials were generally constant among the packaging materials. In addition, European Union member countries have established target for the recycling rate and recycling rate for packaging waste which has been well maintained by most EU countries since the 2008 directive was enacted. The recycling rate for whole packaging waste such as glass, paper and paperboard, metal, plastic, wood continues to increase in Europe. In this study, Europe packaging waste statistics were organized and analyzed as yearly transformation of Europe packaging waste occurrence and disposal, recycling rate and recovery rate target value of Europe countries and recycling rate of each country in Europe base on centralized Eurostat database. Moreover GDP reduction were also confirmed due to trend changes and indirect impacts such as economic slump by packaging waste and recycling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1975

The Koran native economic and ornamental trees consisting 12 species of 4 gymnosperm families and 3 strains, 6 varieties and 18 species of 12 angiosperm families were irradiated by X-and ${\gamma}$-ray at three different dose rates; 1) acute, 2) semi-acute, and 3) chronic irradiation in order to know their radiosensitivities and the radition effects on mutation induction. Different materials such as seeds, cuttings, scions and plants of the above trees were used in this study, depended upon tree. Most of the materials irradiated showed a high radiosensitivity. The LD-50 of conifer trees ranged from 1.2kR to 13.2kR, averaging 5.4kR which was remarkably higher than field crops. On the other hand the LD-50 dose of hard wood trees ranged from 7.0kR to 18.5kR, averaging 12.7kR. All the tested trees were classified into several categories based upon the relative radiosensitivity of each species which was measured at the dose of LD-50. Variegation was most common among the induced mutants. The other mutations were albino, chlorophyll deficiency, deformed leaf and fruits. It was noticeable that giant-leaf bud-sport mutants were induced in Chinese chestnut (Castanea bungeana) and yellow leaf bud-sport ones appeared in oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.176-191
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• 2009

This report is a result of investigating the materials and techniques of the lacquer ware excavated from Hwangnamdaechong Tomb known as an old tomb in the Gyeongju maximum district. First, the fragment of lacquer ware was classified by the shape of it. Next, the thin section of lacquer film (all sides about 2mm) was made based on the result. Then they were observed under the microscope, and classified the kind of the foundation mixture and the applied structure. It is a result as follows. 1 The bone dust was mixed by the foundation of the made of cloth-body lacquer ware such as eared lacquer cup, lacquer bowl, and the lacquer rectangular containers excavated from the south tomb. 2 Eared lacquer cup and lacquer bowl, and rectangular box excavated from south and north tomb had the possibility they were the set of articles partially of tableware and the cosmetic box. 3 There is a difference in the quality of burial lacquer ware between in south tomb and north tomb. A lot of highlevel lacquer ware such as eared lacquer cup, lacquer bowl and the rectangular lacquer containers were discovered from the south tomb. 4 Many of containers where animal and bird had been drawn on the black lacquered ground excavated from north tomb were wooden bath.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.26-52
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• 1987

Among the diffuse-porous woods which arc dominant in Korea and used as construction materials due to their wood quality, ten species of six genus involving seven species of three genus in Betulaceae were studied on the radial variation of structural demenb. The species studied were Betula platyphylla var. japonica, B. ermanii, B. davurica, B. scstata, B. schmidtii, Carpinus laxifora, Alnus japonica, Prunus sargentii. Acer mono and Diospyros kaki. Wood fiber, vessel elements and ray increased rapidly in size from pith to a certain annual ring. After then the radial variation in size of the main structural elements seemed to be divided into three types; levelled off curve pattern indicating constant size(type I), continuously increasing curve pattern showing ever increase in size (type II) and parabolic curve pattern showing the gradual decrease after the maximum (type III), but the variation types by structural dements were different even in the same species. Based on the results from this study, it appears to be reasonable to consider the stabilized age of wood fiber, vessel elements and ray rather than considering wood fiber length in distinguishing mature woods from juvenile woods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1255-1261
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• 2008

In this study, The effects of three different biological activated carbon (BAC) materials (each coal, coconut and wood based activated carbons), empty bed contact time (EBCT) and water temperature on the removal of haloacetic acid (HAA) 5 species in BAC filters were investigated. Experiments were conducted at three water temperatures (5, 10 and 20$^{\circ}C$) and four EBCTs (5, 10, 15 and 20 min). The results indicated that coal based BAC retained more attached bacterial biomass on the surface of the activated carbon than the other BAC, increasing EBCT or increasing water temperature increased the HAA 5 species removal in BAC columns. To achieve an HAA removal efficiency 50% or higher in a BAC filter, the authors suggest 10 min EBCT or longer for 5$^{\circ}C$ waters and 5 min EBCT for waters at 10$^{\circ}C$ or higher. The kinetic analysis suggested a first-order reaction model for HAA 5 species removal at various water temperatures (5, 10 and 20$^{\circ}C$). The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants and half-lives were also calculated for HAA removal at 5, 10 and 20$^{\circ}C$. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants and half-lives were also calculated for HAA 5 species removal at 5$\sim$ 20$^{\circ}C$. The half-lives of HAA 5 species ranging from 0.75 to 18.58 min could be used to assist water utilities in designing and operating BAC filters for HAA removal.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 2012

In this study, The effects of three different biological activated carbon (BAC) materials (each coal, coconut and wood based activated carbons) and anthracite, empty bed contact time (EBCT) and water temperature on the removal of MK, HHCB and AHTN in BAC filters were investigated. Experiments were conducted at three water temperatures (5, 15 and $25^{\circ}C$) and four EBCTs (5, 10, 15 and 20 min). The results indicated that coal based BAC retained more attached bacterial biomass on the surface of the activated carbon than the other BAC, increasing EBCT or increasing water temperature increased the synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) removal in BAC columns. The kinetic analysis suggested a first-order reaction model for MK, HHCB and AHTN removal at various water temperatures (5, 15 and $25^{\circ}C$). The pseudo-first-order biodegradation rate constants and half-lives were also calculated for MK, HHCB and AHTN removal at 5, 15 and $25^{\circ}C$. The pseudo-first-order biodegradation rate constants and half-lives of MK, HHCB and AHTN ranging from 0.0082 $min^{-1}$ to 0.4452 $min^{-1}$ and from 1.56 min to 84.51 min could be used to assist water utilities in designing and operating BAC filters for SMCs removal.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.75-87
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• 2023

This study presents an experimental design for demonstrating the role of nature-based solutions to climate change in the landscape and garden sector. The study suggests spatial strategies for a carbon-neutral society and its role as a cultural industry. This paper describes the use of a low-maintenance garden as part of a strategy for carbon reduction with the goal of protecting the environment and forming a carbon-neutral society. To this end, this study involved the design and construction of a realistic model garden to provide scientific data on the functions, spatial elements, and carbon neutrality of carbon-reducing gardens. The target site is located in the Sejong National Arboretum. The test area in which the carbon-reducing function is measured is located in the centre of the site, and other spaces include dry gardens, community gardens, and flower gardens intended for exhibition and relaxation. The experimental area is divided into several smaller areas within which the carbon-reducing effect is analysed according to the amount of biochar installed, the planting density, and the plant species present. The application of facilities and construction methods to promote carbon reduction were based on the method known as '10 types of carbon gardening for the earth'. In the model garden, we employed rainwater utilization facilities and used low-carbon certified wood and local materials. The carbon reduction effect of each facility and construction method is compared and presented here. The results are expected to serve as an important basis for realizing a carbon-neutral society and can be used as a reference in various fields that require sustainable development, such as the garden industry.