• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.435-442
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• 2015

The main objective of this work was to identify and evaluate possible substrate alternatives or amendments to peat moss. This study involves the physical and chemical characterization and growth test of wood sawdust and wood fiber in order to evaluate their use as components of horticultural media. The carbohydrate content, C/N ratio, pH, phenolic compound, total porosity and water holding capacity were 58.9%, 425.1, 4.8, 181.8 ($mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$), 82.5% and 47.1% in wood sawdust and 41.1%, 240.8, 5.9, 29.8 ($mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$), 90.6% and 56.2% in wood fiber, respectively. Wood sawdust (K, $998.0mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ ; Ca, $1196.0mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Mg, $105.6mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) and wood fiber (K, $1250.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Ca, $1982.6mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Mg, $173.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) showed adequate mineral elements properties compared to peat moss (K, $0.02mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Ca, $0.57mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$; Mg, $0.13mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) for their use as growing media. The mixtures of the horticultural media were prepared using different substrate as wood sawdust and wood fiber to grow Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) in a greenhouse. The seed germination, leaf area and stem height were 75%, $0.50cm^2$ and 2.8 cm in PS substrate (containing 30% peat moss, 10% perlite and 60% wood sawdust) and 95%, $0.65cm^2$ and 3.3 cm in PF substrate (containing 30% peat moss, 10% perlite and 60% wood fiber), respectively. The seed germination and stem height of the PF substrate (containing 30% peat moss, 10% perlite and 60% wood fiber) was higher than those in peat moss (control). Utilization of wood by-product can be considered as an alternative media component to substitute the widely using expensive peat moss.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2007

In this study, the possibility of using pyrolysis oil as wood adhesives was explored. Especially, adhesives were formulated by reacting pyrolysis oil and formaldehyde and also partially replacing phenol with pyrolysis oil in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive and soy hydrolizate/PF adhesive formulation. The pine wood was fast pyrolyized and the oils were obtained from a series of condensers in the pyrolysis system. The oils from each condenser were first reacted with formaldehyde to explore potential use of the oil itself as adhesive. The lap-shear bond strength test results indicated that the oil itself could be polymerized and form bonds between wood adherends. The oils from each condenser were then mixed together and used as partial replacement of phenol (25, 33, and 50% by weight) in phenol-formaldehyde adhesive. The bond strength of the oil containing PF adhesives was decreased as percent phenol replacement level increased. However, no significant difference was found between 25 and 33% of phenol replacement level. The oil-contained PF resins at 25, 33, and 50% phenol replacement level with different NaOH/Phenol (Pyrolysis oil) molar ratio were further formulated with soy hydrolizate to make soy hydrolizate/pyrolysis oil-phenol formaldehyde adhesive at 6:4 weight (wt) ratio and used for fiberboard manufacturing. Surface internal bond strength (IB) of the boards bonded with 33% replacement at 0.3 NaOH/Phenol (Pyrolysis oil) molar ratio performed better than other replacement levels and molar ratios. Thickness swelling after 24 hr cold water soaking and after 2 hr in boiling water was increased as % replacement of pyrolysis oil increased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

This study used pine wilt disease damaged trees as raw materials. The damaged woods were subjected to soaking treatment using wood vinegar, nematicide and sea water, fumigated treatment using fumigation, and the bending strength and hardness of the timber were measured at different points of time after the treatment. In soaking treatment, the highest bending strength was obtained from wood vinegar (100 fold dilution)-soaked specimens of Pinus densiflora and the nematicide-soaked specimens of Pinus thunbergii. The highest hardness in cross section was gained from the nematicide-soaked specimens of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii, the highest hardness in radial section was obtained from the nematicide-soaked specimens of Pinus densiflora and wood vinegar (100 fold dilution)-soaked specimens of Pinus thunbergii, and the highest hardness in tangential section was obtained from the nematicide-soaked specimens of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii, and there were not significantly different among the treatments. When fumigated treatment was applied, bending strength, hardness was somewhat lower in the control but were not significantly different between the treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

The antifungal activities of the essential oils from Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Larix kaempferi, Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa against Aspergillus fumigatus were evaluated. Essential oils were extracted from each conifer leaves for 8 h using water distillation method. The essential oil from A. holophylla appeared the strongest antifungal activity among the six oils with MIC value 0.125 mg/$m{\ell}$. The composition of the A. holophylla oil was analysed by GC/MS and then MIC was determined for main constituents of the oil. As the results, borneol and ${\alpha}$-bisabolol, which have a hydroxyl group, showed effective antifungal activities against A. fumigatus (0.25 mg/$m{\ell}$). In addition, the synergistic antifungal effects were observed in the combination of borneol and ${\alpha}$-bisabolol.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 1979

A bark comprises about 10 to 20 percents of a typical log by volume, and is generally considered as an unwanted residue rather than a potentially valuable resources. As the world has been confronted with decreasing forest resources, natural resources pressure dictate that a bark should be a raw material instead of a waste. The utilization of the largely wasted bark of genus Pinus, Quercus and Populus grown in korea can be enhanced by Knowing its chemical Properties. Specially, uses of bark in mulching, growing media and soil amendment can be enhanced by knowing pH and C.E.C values. In this paper, an investigative study is carried out on the pH-and C.E.C-values. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Bark is acid in nature, and pH values of bark varying from 3.3 to 4.7, is lower than that of wood.pH value of Pinus is the lowest. 2. Cation exchange capacity of bark is greater than that of wood, silt loam soil, and wheat straw.CEC of bark is 45.7 meq/100gm in Pinus, 41.8 meq/100gm in populus, 37.8 meq/100gm in Quercus.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 1994

The chemical compositions of pine bark from mechanical pulp industry were determined, and effect of Ca base acid sulfite on bark cooking was investigated under various conditions. The pine bark was composed of 39.5 % alkali extractives, 50.3 % lignin, and a small amount of carbohydrate. The contents of alkali extractives and lignin were remarkably higher than those of pine wood. The bark was composed of high content of arabinose and xylose, while the wood was composed of high content of mannose. When pine bark was cooked with 75 % free acid at 145 $^{\circ}C$, the rate of cooking and delignification was improved with the increase of total acid, but it was very difficult to delignify the bark by 50 % and over under these conditions. In the presence of 60~65 % free acid and at 155~165 $^{\circ}C$, initial cooking rate, delignification, and delignification selectivity were considerably increased, but condensation reaction of lignin was considerable at the end of cooking. Therefore, it was shown that pine bark was very difficult to delignify by the Ca-base acid sulfite cooking.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2011

This study aims to find new solutions to the problem of utilization of materials and techniques represented in the development of modern lighting design. LED is an important component in modern lighting design and pine tree is one of the most popular domestic wood in furniture design in Korea. In this study, design is developed into various types of furniture such as a table, a chest, and a lighting, by researching manufacturing process and examining the use of slicing pine tree. The technique of slicing pine tree is a simple linear arrangement that was traditionally used in wooden furniture in Lee dynasty, with an emphasis on repetitive rhythm. The slicing technology is used to expand the usage of domestic pine tree. The beauty of natural wood is expressed with the transmission of light by applying this technique to the lighting design. It also brings new communication in between artificial lighting and natural wood combining this traditional technique and LED lighting in design. Finally, this study suggests particular value through the convergence of analog and digital by using the traditional wooden technique that keeps natural wood prints and new digital technology by using LED lighting. More discussions and research about this subject are expected continuously through this study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Forestry Energy Research Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.27-30
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.622-628
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• 2017

In order to develop value-added utilization technology of domestic oaks the processing yield rate from the standing tree to the flooring material for the Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica were investigated. Also, to reduce drying time, improved drying schedule was applied and the physical properties were measured. The drying time was 173 hours in total, and the final moisture content was 5.39% (Quercus variabilis) and 4.17% (Quercus mongolica). The color difference of oak lumber before and after drying showed a significant change as ${\Delta}E$ value from 7 to 11. The shrinkage rates of Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica during drying were 8.1% and 8.5% in the tangential direction and 5.0% and 6.2% in the radial direction, respectively. The lumber manufacturing yield rate of sawn lumber was 30 to 40% and that of the final product was 8 to 15%. It is expected that the processing characteristics of the Quercus species investigated in this research could contribute to formulate an efficient production plan of domestic hardwoods that are still under utilization.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2015

Two white rot fungi, Ceriporia sp. ZLY-2010 (CER) and Stereum hirsutum (STH) were used as biocatalysts for the biotransformation of (-)-${\alpha}$-pinene. After 96 hr, CER converted the bicyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon (-)-${\alpha}$-pinene into ${\alpha}$-terpineol (yield, 0.05 g/L), a monocyclic monoterpene alcohol, in addition to, other minor products. Using STH, verbenone was identified as the major biotransformed product, and minor products were myrtenol, camphor, and isopinocarveol. We did not observe any inhibitory effects of substrate or transformed products on mycelial growth of the fungi. The activities of fungal manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase were monitored for 15 days to determine the enzymatic pathways related to the biotransformation of (-)-${\alpha}$-pinene. We concluded that a complex of enzymes, including intra- and extracellular enzymes, were involved in terpenoid biotransformation by white rot fungi.