• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.308-318
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• 2009

This study makes clear Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御)'s medical thoughts Yi-philosophically. Yi-philosophy(易學) since ancient times is occupied by fundamental problems of various fields of Oriental Science. Confusian Medicine Reseachers of Zhang Jie-Bin(張介賓), Zhang Nan(章楠), Zhu Zhen-Heng(朱震亨) was seriously affected by Yi-philosophy(易學) and Confucianism(儒學). But I don't think that the majority of their medicine theories are occupied by Yi-philosophy(易學) and Confucianism(儒學). But Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) studied medicine thoughts on the basis of Tu Shu Yi(圖書易) in almost whole medicine theories and clinical contents. Therefore this study researched medical thinkings of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) on Yi-philosophical medical viewpoint Tu Shu Yi(圖書易)-scientifically. Especially in this paper the author examined a characteristic point in medical thoughts of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御), the difference of existing medicine on Nei-Jing(內經) and Yi-medicine of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御), a commonness of medicine principles of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) and Li Ji-Ma(李濟馬)), medicine theories of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) on Tu Shu Yi(圖書易) and a background of Yi-philosophical medical standpoint. The results was summarized as follows; First, Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御)'s standpoint on five phase is that the relation of earth and wood fire metal water is form and use(體用). Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) insists that the earth represents existence itself and wood fire metal water is concepts that represents actual states. Second, the concept of Four-Constitution of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) and Li Ji-Ma(李濟馬) is same. Third, Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) doesn't have a standpoint of five-phase on Nei-Ching Medicine, but a standpoint of five-phase on Yi-philosophy. Fourth, water, fire, metal, wood is Four-Constitution that middle qi transformed. Fifth, the middle qi is yang-earth and yin-earth of the spleen and stomach, the physiological function of four viscera is maintained by the movement of ascending and descending of yin and yang earth. Sixth, The middle qi is main role of Four-Constitution. Exchanging of water and fire and the movement of ascending and descending of metal and wood depends on the earth. Seventh, generally medicine researchers speak that human mind is a main role of psycho-function of heart, but Huang Yuan-Yu has the standpoint of spleen-stomach oriented seven emotions not human-mind oriented viewpoint. It represents that a existing thinking of heart-earth center is changed to medical viewpoint of spleen-earth center. Eighth, There is enough ground for controversy on where is the middle point of human in five viscera. Is that spleen or heart? Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) insists that the spleen and stomach is middle point, but the standpoint in Four-Constitution medicine of Li Ji-Ma(李濟馬) is that middle point is heart.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

This paper is aimed the measurement and estimation the thermal interrelation based on leakage current. The leakage models are analyzed by parameters in open and closed (Panel) states and with wood dust and rainwater, charcoal powder in leakage current occurred point. The thermal characteristic of open state that leakage current is inputted in 90 mA is higher in charcoal powder ($105^{\circ}C$) than in wood dust and rainwater ($88.8^{\circ}C$). Charcoal powder that is inputted in 110 mA shows high thermal characteristic ($238.6^{\circ}C$) and the thermal ($238.6^{\circ}C$) is caused by material strain of electrical wire insulation and Panel. The closed state in 90 mA is higher in charcoal powder ($250.6^{\circ}C$) than in wood dust and rainwater ($90.8^{\circ}C$). The open and closed state appear thermal characteristics of two times in charcoal powder than in wood dust and rainwater. The thermal data that are open and close states are used electrical fire investigation and thermal characteristic for Leakage current.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 2014

In this study, we have investigated the maximum smoke density and the initial stage smoke density in order to see the characteristics of smoke release of the architectural surface materials and the architectural adhesives, using smoke density chamber. As a result of the study, polyurethane foam showed the highest smoke density index, 206.55 within 10 min. In the case of the other samples, reinforced styrofoam was followed as 39.90, general styrofoam 33.73, and glass fiber 5.40, respectively. In the intial stage of a fire, it is forecasted actually to give hardship at the clear visibility. In the case of architectural adhesives, the highest ranking was those for windows and doors 509.64, stone 275.63, wood 232.25, tile 18.65, and styrofoam 6.44 were followed, respectively. This result is an early research to show characteristics of smoke release through experiment. However, it is meaningful that this study can be used as a basic for further study on architectural fire hazard prediction.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.180-188
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• 1982

This study was carried out to make hardboard fire retardants and to examine the properties of the hard-board treated with them. The fire retardant treatment was achieved by surface impregnation of water soluble retardant chemicals into the forming mat with 55 percent of moisture content. followed by the hot pressing process. Ammonium monophosphate, ammonium diphosphate, sodium borate, and boric acid were used as the fire retardants. Fire retardant test was carried out by using the differential thermal analysis thermogram. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Fire retardant-treated hardboard showed higher values of the specific gravity. water absoption, and flexural strength than those of untreated hardboard. Especially, the treatment of ammonium monophosphate gave the best results in the flexural strength, and a 10 gr/$ft^2$ loading of the fire retardant compound of ammonium monophoshate, ammonium diphosphate, and sodium borate drew the best flexural strength value among the three different experimental loadings of 10, 20 and 30 gr/$ft^2$. 2. There were no definite differences in moisture content between the fire retardant-treated hardboard and the untreated hardboard. 3. The fire retardant compound of ammonium monophosphate, ammonium diphosphate, and sodium borate resulted in the best fire retardancy, and its fire retardancy was increased in proportion to the increase of loading.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

In this paper, we had analyzed comsbustion gases according to pyrolysis $600^{\circ}c$, $800^{\circ}c$ and $1000^{\circ}c$ for polymeric material using a GASTEC colorimetric gas detector tube in order to combustion gases toxicity evaluation for flame retardant untreated ply wood, flame retardant treated ply wood, flexible polyvinyl chloride and flexible polyurethane foam of polymeric material. As a result, comsbustion gases producted from small specimens of polymeric material had reached fatal to man at a 30 minute exposure time that had possesed toxicity index. Toxicity index at pyrolysis $800^{\circ}c$ of flexible polyvinyl chloride was 31.74. Flexible polyvinyl chloride was the highest toxicity index of flame retardant untreated ply wood, flame retardant treated ply wood, flexible polyvinyl chloride and flexible polyurethane foam. The comsbustion gases producted commonly no concern with pyrolysis temperature had analyzed carbon dioxide($CO_2$) and carbon monoxide(CO). Toxicity index had investigated differently according to pyrolysis temperature even a similar materal.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.86-92
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• 2004

We tested five specimens of each species at each of five constant external heat flux levels (10, 15, 20, 25. and 35㎾/㎡). An Cone heater was used to expose the wood specimens to the heat flux. The 100-by 100-by 50-㎜ specimens were of four species: Redwood, White oak, Douglas fir, Maple. In result of test, charring of wood exposed to a constant external heat flux can be considered a linear with function of time. As compared with the charring rates Redwood is most rapidly, but on the other hand Douglas fir is most slowly. When the external heat flux is 35㎾/㎡, the charring rate is rapidly about twice then 10㎾/㎡. Using the Equation (2), the estimates for u were 1.02, 1.16, 1.23, 1.32, and 1.44 for the 10, 15, 20, 25, and 35 kw/m2 constant external exposure levels, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.300-309
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• 2009

The effective utilization of wood structure is encouraged to preserve natural resources and the global environment. Long-span and large-scale structures are preferred to promote demand for wood. This study attempts to develop new Fire-resistance Composite Material composed of Structural steel and Structural glued laminated timber for long-span and large-scale structures. Prior to take a fire-resistance test, compare properties of bending strength with Composite material composed of Structural steel and Structural glued laminated timber, structural steel and structural provides the stability of the structure, but the structural glued laminated timber has high value elasticity of bending. Using the Composite material will improve structural stability and Eco-friend construction environment.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2016

Increasing concerns of environment need to make change furniture field to more environmentally friendly approach, such as reuse of by-products from wooden products. As it is, the methods of recycling wood for industrial purposes have the advantage of productivity and adaptability. However, the industrial way is required a certain production facility of processing wooden by-products and has possible hygienic problems due to contaminated sources. Many designers have developed their own methods for reuse of wood in unique and artistic ways. Even so, because of confined sources, it could be not enough supply. Therefore, I developed the design methodology utilizing wooden by-products from S Design Company to relieve former ways' problems. The design suggestion took materials from a safe and abundant source. The wooden leftover pieces were connected together with epoxy clay, so previous process traces of furniture are remained as a decorative factor. Moreover, the synthesized material was able to be processed by ordinary woodworking facilities without additional installations. In doing so, console table focused on a commercial purpose and dining table for an artistic objective were successfully fabricated as final suggestions. In consideration of the proposal using wooden furniture leftovers, diverse recycling designs should be investigated for future reference.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.44-56
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• 2021

The carbonized length and area of plywood by the various spreading concentration of water glass and the type of additives were measured in accordance with the 45° MecKel's burner method of the fire protection performance standard of the Korean National Fire Agency. As a result of treating water glass with a concentration of 20 to 50 % on plywood, the flame retardancy tended to increase in proportion to the concentration of water glass. However, the optimum concentration of water glass was determined to be 30 % due to the efflorescence and sticky on the surface of plywood treated with high-concentration water glass of more than 30 %. As a result of the experiment by adding different proportions of additives to the water glass with concentration of 30 %, the standard of flame performance standard was satisfied under the conditions with the addition of 15% potassium hydroxide and 1-10% aluminum hydroxide, respectively. On the other hand, there were no significant difference in the flame retardancy by adding magnesium sulfate. These results about the flame retardancy of plywood by water glass and additives were expected to be basic data for improving flame-retardant treated wood.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.59-70
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• 1998

In this study, response time index(RTI) of standard and quick response type sprinkler head are measured and compared through ramp and plunge test in heated wind tunnel. Also discharge rate and water distribution, actual delivered density(ADD), fire test with wood cribs are performed to compare the fire suppression capability and the operation time and temperature between standard and quick response type sprinkler head.