• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.616-619
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• 2007

Nowadays, urbanized area expands its boundary, and distribution of urbanized area is gradually transformed into more complicated pattern. In Korea, SMA(Seoul Metropolitan Area) has outstanding urbanized area since 1950s. But it is ambiguous whether urban distribution is clustered or dispersed. This study aims to show the way in which expansion of urbanized area impacts on spatial distribution pattern of urbanized area. We use quadrat analysis, nearest-neighbor analysis and fractal analysis to know distribution pattern of urbanized area in time-series urban growth. The quadrat analysis indicates that distribution pattern of urbanized area is clustered but the cohesion is gradually weakened. And the nearest-neighbor analysis shows that point patterns are changed that urbanized area distribution pattern is progressively changed from clustered pattern into dispersed pattern. The fractal dimension analysis shows that 1972's distribution dimension is 1.428 and 2000's dimension is 1.777. Therefore, as time goes by, the complexity of urbanized area is more increased through the years. As a result, we can show that the cohesion of the urbanized area is weakened and complicated.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.98-113
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the accessibility of the Metropolitan Seoul Transit systems since 2000, in which many new subway lines have been constructed as well as other urban transit lines have been connected to the systems. We suggest an accessibility measure model for Un-fixed Transportation Networks. In order to measure the nodal accessibility based on the mobility, we apply path-distance, physical-distance, and time-distance as the distance impedance measurement. Specifically, we develop time-distance algorithms to measure the time-distance between each pairs of transit stations based on the T-card transaction databases. We apply the model to the Metropolitan Seoul Transit systems in two time points(2005 and 2011). We examine the results in terms of three distance accessibility measures. Time-distance accessibility explains better the urban land use patterns in the Metropolitan Seoul area than the other two. We visualize the spatial patterns of time-distance accessibility by applying GIS, and analyze the spatial structures of accessibility in the Metrropolitan Seoul area between two time points.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.97-111
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• 2006

The objective of this research is to analyze how main social relation network of middle-aged women such as family, friends and neighbors, etc affects the preference for silver town. For this objective, structured questionnaires were distributed to 309 middle-aged women at the age of 40-59 years old living in Seoul and new cities of metropolitan area. Statistics such as ANOVA, Pearson Coefficient and Multiple Regression were adopted for statistical analysis. The main result of this research is as follows: First, housewives showed higher preference for silver town than people involved in other occupations. Second, though the relation of friends and neighbors among the social relation network of middle-aged women affected the preference for silver town, that of family did not affect significantly. The result of this research suggests that it is necessary to adopt policy considering the relation of friends and neighbors among the social relation network of middle-aged women so as to activate silver town.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.4 no.1 s.7
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

From 1995 to 2005 the information related to clothing and textiles publicized by 6 journals regarding Elder Women's body type was collected and analyzed. The results are as follows. 1. It has been investigated into the elder woman's body type since 1995, and this subject needs a detailed study. in audition, investigation into woman's body type has been studied parts of the body for clothing construction. 2. Analysis result for measure area preponderance(Seoul area and local metropolitan city) of area, measure subject number mainly to large scale group more than 300 people that measure is consisting most know can. 3. Where the way of measurement is concerned, there are direct measurements more than indirect measurements. In case of using just direct measurement, the study often mentions necessity of indirect measurements. Therefore it is thought simultaneous measurement is the most desirable. 4. A Body type characteristic of elder woman shows a size of every part diminishes as growing older. Owing mainly to obesity of waist and abdomen, they have a changed body a measure of around the abdomen is bigger than around the hips. hips drop and the upper half of the body down, and besides, feet are changed into the flat.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.76-77
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• 2004

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.512-527
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• 2013

This study examines the spatial distribution characteristics of financial industry which has been a necessary service for contemporary urban life. In particular, we analyze the spatial distribution patterns of money lending business which is considered with informal financial services as well as the spatial distribution patterns of banks which are representative of the institutional financial services. For the purpose, their density distribution patterns are explored by Kernel density analysis for both financial services in first. Moran's I coefficients are estimated for these two financial services to clarify the distintion in their geographical concentration patterns. The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis show stark differences between the center city and outskirts of the Seoul metropolitan area. Multivariate regression models are developed to explain the relationships between the spatial distributions of financial services and geographical variables. Finally, we discuss financial exclusion problem in the Metropolitan Seoul based on these spatial distribution characteristics.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to most appropriately develop maternity wear according to the preferences of specific age groups of pregnant women. The specific age groups were women in their twenties, early thirties, and late thirties. This survey was conducted in the metropolitan area around Seoul, South Korea through a questionnaire given to 150 pregnant women. The study found that pregnant women purchased significantly cheaper clothes after their pregnancy than before. The participants responded that they mostly bought clothes using the Internet, but they also reported many instances of returning the clothes due to fit and sizing. It was shown that women in their twenties tended to consider the price, design, and activity more than women in their thirties when purchasing maternity wear. The study showed that pregnant women tended to wear maternity wear from early in the pregnancy-preferring leggings, one-piece dresses, pants, shirts, briefs, and bras with the girdle on the outside. More women in their late thirties purchased maternity support belts than younger age groups. In any case, in purchasing maternity wear, clothing features that the respondents focused on were comfort, functionality, fit, the covering of their body changes, and fashion. Still, many respondents 35 years and older reported more interest in safety rather than fashion in comparison to the responses of respondents under the age of 35.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to explore the lived experience of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and early child rearing in married immigrant women in urban areas. Methods: Data were collected from February to April, 2011 through in-depth interviews. Nine immigrant women were selected in a metropolitan area through the purposive and snowball sampling method. After obtaining IRB permission and informed consent from the participants, all interviews were recorded with MP3 recorder and transcribed for analysis. Using the phenomenological approach, data collected through in-depth interviewing were analyzed following Colaizzi style. Results: Data analysis revealed 4 categories and 10 themes related to pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and early child rearing of married immigrant women in urban areas. These four categories were 'A clumsy foreigner's life with nostalgia', 'Crisis in the crisis', 'Unprepared for motherhood', and 'Living together with new family without regrets'. It was a common finding that they were not ready to be mothers because of the very short time for adjustment in Korea. Compared to rural, immigrant women urban women had various in social support systems. Conclusion: The results indicate that adequate education is needed for immigrant women regarding motherhood, and that this education should be culturally appropriate for these women.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.243-255
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• 2007

This study carried out a survey which is related to food safety in food business in order to find out interest in food safety and to get awareness of food safety in food business. The research was done through surveys for the people in the Seoul Metropolitan area. 232 out of 250 answers were used in analyzing frequency, factor, $x^2$-test, and t-test through SPSS Win 12.0. There are three main factors of food safety in food business. The first is food borne illness(65.9%), the second is trans-fat(63.4%), and the third is remained agrichemicals(58.5%). Basically, women consider food safety more seriously than men do, and married women than unmarried women. Women were unsatisfied with the government's regulations than men were, married women than unmarried women. Women more consider awareness of food safety than men do, married women than unmarried women. Overall, unmarried women worried about their eating stuff seriously than any other group does. People consider food safety first, more and more these days, therefore, we need special management programs and regulations to focus on food safety and to support many studies about food safety.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes ($mean{\pm}SD$) were $887.77{\pm}401.35{\mu}g $ retinol equivalents or $531.84{\pm}226.42{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was $175.92{\pm}129.87{\mu}g/day$. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P<0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were $3,828.37{\pm}2,196.29{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-carotene, $472.57{\pm}316.68{\mu}g/day$ ${\alpha}$-carotene, and $412.83{\pm}306.46{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was $1.22{\pm}0.34{\mu}mol/L$. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < $0.70{\mu}mol/L$ indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < $1.05{\mu}mol/L$, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study.